Colloquium

A fundamental aspect of a random walk is determining when it reaches a specified threshold position for the first time.  This first-passage time, and more generally, the distribution of first passage times underlies many non-equilibrium phenomena, such as the triggering of integrate and fire neurons, the statistics of cell division, and the execution of stock options.  The computation of the first-passage time and its distribution is both simple and beautiful, with profound connections to electrostatic potential theory.  I will present some aspects of these fundamentals and then discuss applications of first-passage ideas to diverse phenomena, including stochastic search processes and a toy model of wealth sharing.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/98293478936?pwd=NTR3dWZoNElWRmd2NVJ1bzk5aC9ZQT09

I will present recent progress in building a rigorous theory to understand how scientists, machines, and future quantum computers could learn models of our quantum universe. The talk will begin with an experimentally feasible procedure for converting a quantum many-body system into a succinct classical description of the system, its classical shadow. Classical shadows can be applied to efficiently predict many properties of interest, including expectation values of local observables and few-body correlation functions. I will then build on the classical shadow formalism to answer two fundamental questions at the intersection of machine learning and quantum physics: Can classical machines learn to solve challenging problems in quantum physics? And can quantum machines learn exponentially faster than classical machines?

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/97994359596?pwd=UlBwc2hoSkNzWlZvM1o1RWErU1U2QT09

Over the last decade, there have been many Perimeter efforts in the realm of EDI, and they have unquestionably enhanced the Institute’s culture. Paradoxically, some of these efforts have illuminated areas where we can do more, and there are still others to be addressed.  

In Perimeter’s short life, we’ve built a unique institution, with a culture characterized by intellectual fearlessness and excellence. Yet we can do even better. Our culture is connected to our research. We’re here to make breakthroughs in our understanding of our universe – and breakthroughs are made by thinking in new ways. We can’t afford to leave any great thinkers, or any great ideas, behind.  

In 2020, we embarked on a project to develop a coherent, concrete strategic plan to guide Perimeter’s efforts in EDI, in partnership with experts at Shift Health and the Laurier Centre for Women in Science. All members of the Perimeter community have been consulted to ensure that the final strategy is reflective of our whole community.  

Our actions to date are a step in an intentional and comprehensive effort to make Perimeter an institute where everyone can thrive and find a sense of belonging. 

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/93399374837?pwd=QlBTSnluRk84L2x0eE0zYXlGQ0JFZz09

We revisit the problem of how interactions emerge in quantum gravity. Namely, we show that bulk scattering of multiple particles in the AdS space requires multipartite entanglement on the boundary. This statement can be proven by two totally different methods, 1) general relativity and 2) quantum cryptographic argument. Furthermore, we argue that interactions among particles in the scattering event emerge from the mechanism of entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs) which utilize pre-existing multipartite entanglement in CFT. We also propose a concrete protocol to implement a certain class of multi-partite unitary interactions by using transversal logical operators of quantum codes. This talk is based on a (very) recent work with Alex May and Jonathan Sorce.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/91349028320?pwd=TGF2Q2ZNdTZtZGxkQ0NiMURLdW5Zdz09

The elementary CuO2 plane sustaining cuprate high temperature superconductivity occurs typically at the base of a periodic array of edge-sharing CuO5 pyramids. Virtual transitions of electrons between adjacent planar Cu and O atoms, occurring at a rate t/ℏ and across the charge-transfer energy gap E, generate ‘superexchange’ spin-spin interactions of energy J≈4t4/E3 in an antiferromagnetic correlated-insulator state. However, hole doping this CuO2 plane converts this into a very high temperature superconducting state whose electron-pairing is exceptional. A leading proposal for the mechanism of this intense electron-pairing is that, while hole doping destroys magnetic order it preserves pair-forming superexchange interactions governed by the charge-transfer energy scale E.

To explore this hypothesis directly at atomic-scale, we developed high-voltage single-electron and electron-pair (Josephson) scanning tunneling microscopy, to visualize the interplay of E and the electron-pair density nP in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x. Changing the distance δ between each pyramid’s apical O atom and the CuO2 plane below, should alter the energy levels of the planar Cu and O orbitals and thus vary E.  Hence, the responses of both E and nP to alterations in δ that occur naturally in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x were visualized. These data revealed, directly at atomic scale, the crux of strongly correlated superconductivity in CuO2: the response of the electron-pair condensate to varying the charge transfer energy. Strong concurrence between these observations and recent three-band Hubbard model DMFT predictions for superconductivity in hole-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (PNAS 118, e2106476118 (2021)) indicate that charge-transfer superexchange is the electron-pairing mechanism (PNAS 119, 2207449119 (2022)).

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95592484157?pwd=YU56Wno3WnBIUTlyaC9VSHJ3cGxZUT09

The AdS/CFT correspondence (Anti-de Sitter gravity/ conformal field theory correspondence), also referred to as holography, provides the first example of a duality relating a gravity theory to a quantum field theory without gravity. The gravity theory involved describes the hyperbolic bulk spacetime and the quantum field theory its boundary. This duality has its origin within string theory. Recent developments based on both quantum information theory and the physics of black holes raise the question if dualities of this type exist more generally, even beyond string theory. As a specific example, I will describe recent progress towards establishing a duality based on a discretisation of hyperbolic Anti-de Sitter space that is obtained by a regular tiling with polygons. I will explain how to obtain a dual Hamiltonian on the boundary that reflects properties of the bulk tiling, and describe its properties. This research direction is related to recent developments in mathematics, quantum information, condensed matter physics and electrical engineering, making it truly interdisciplinary. I will  conclude by giving an outlook on the next steps to be followed in view of obtaining a full discrete duality.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95553458965?pwd=bHZIamd3Q1BNRjBhZGk5Y1BPK0d6QT09

It has been argued astronomy and astrophysics as a research field developed with the first telescope.  At the same time that Galileo observed the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter, European Powers will colonizing the Americas and other parts of the world.  This began a relationship between astronomy and colonization that continues today in terms of astronomers and nations building giant telescopes on Indigenous lands.  In the future as private actors develop a new space industry we will see the export of this colonialism to Space, to the Moon and one day even to Mars. We are already seeing this today with the development of satellite constellations, some of which are visible by the unaided eye and with the multinational Artemis Accords for lunar exploration.  In this talk I will review the relation between astronomy and colonization in the past, present, and future; and I will discuss steps educators and astronomers can take to address this in the classroom and how the field of astronomy and space exploration can be inclusive of Indigenous rights and voices.

Zoom link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95620288526?pwd=dW9ReW5FUVp3TWFmUVUxZjV5VFhNdz09

Quantum mechanics is a cornerstone of modern physics. Just as the 19th century was called the Machine Age and the 20th century the Information Age, the 21st century promises to go down in history as the Quantum Age. Quantum Computing promises unprecedented speed in solving certain classes of problems while Quantum Cryptography promises unconditional security in communications. In this talk, I will discuss the world of single and entangled photons and also discuss ongoing work towards quantum computing, quantum information and quantum cryptography in our Quantum Information and Computing lab at the Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru. I will end with our broad vision for the future, which includes establishment of long distance secure quantum communications in India and beyond involving satellite based, fibre based as well as integrated photonics based approaches towards the global quantum internet.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94788493307?pwd=QTlUaTY4Nm1IS3hyeUFIbVFKV3RMQT09

Mirror symmetry and time-invariance violating processes were crucial at establishing the Standard Model of fundamental interactions as we know it, their tiny effects eventually measured after enormous experimental effort. Macroscopic material on the other hand can maximally break these symmetries spontaneously. Inside these materials, Dark Matter can exhibit phenomena otherwise impossible in the vacuum. In this talk, I will discuss such a phenomenon that we call the piezoaxionic effect: In crystals whose structure breaks mirror symmetry, which are broadly known as piezoelectric, dark matter candidates called axions will produce a change in the crystals size, i.e. strain. Such a strain can be detected with well-established methods leading to a new observable for this well-motivated class of Dark Matter candidates.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/96153495346?pwd=QU1MTENUTzdNOU5sZVc3VzY4NHI1UT09

Thermodynamics has shed light on engines, efficiency, and time’s arrow since the Industrial Revolution. But the steam engines that powered the Industrial Revolution were large and classical. Much of today’s technology and experiments are small-scale, quantum, far from equilibrium, and processing information. Nineteenth-century thermodynamics needs re-envisioning for the 21st century. Guidance has come from the mathematical toolkit of quantum information theory. Applying quantum information theory to thermodynamics sheds light on fundamental questions (e.g., how does entanglement spread during quantum thermalization? How can we distinguish quantum heat from quantum work?) and practicalities (e.g., quantum engines and the thermodynamic value of coherences). I will overview how quantum information theory is being used to revolutionize thermodynamics in quantum steampunk, named for the steampunk genre of literature, art, and cinema that juxtaposes futuristic technologies with 19th-century settings.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/92454766615?pwd=QzZXMnYwN3ZZOTE5RzZEcHp6TkhMdz09

The patent system is designed to help innovators protect their intellectual property. In this colloquium, we will discuss logistical and strategic aspects of the patent process, to help you better understand how to leverage the patent system. Topics will include the anatomy of a patent, deadlines and procedural steps for filing patent applications, and strategic considerations in developing the claims and other components of a patent application.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/91402107798?pwd=UDRQV0IvY3JEUkVJeC9QR3JXVjZSdz09

Quantifying quantum states' complexity is a key problem in various subfields of science, from quantum computing to black-hole physics. I'll explain two approaches to understanding the behavior and the operational significance of quantum complexity in many-body systems. First, I'll consider a simple model on n qubits: We create a random quantum circuit by randomly sampling the gates that compose it. In this model, quantum complexity can be shown to grow linearly in the number of gates until saturating at a value that is exponential in n. This result proves a version of a conjecture by Brown and Susskind in the context of quantum gravity, thereby reinforcing our understanding of the evolution of wormholes in holography. Second, I'll discuss how quantum complexity manifests itself in the operational processes that we can carry out on an n-qubit system. For instance, what resources are necessary to reset an n-qubit memory register to the pure all-zero computational basis state? This approach reveals a connection between thermodynamics and complexity, as we exhibit a trade-off between the thermodynamic work cost that is necessary for the reset procedure and the complexity cost of the procedure. The general trade-off is quantified by a new measure of entropy which directly connects complexity with entropy. I'll discuss the implications of our results and new prospects for many-body physics in the regime where quantum states are of ever increasing complexity.

Joint work with: Jonas Haferkamp, Teja Naga Bhavia Kothakonda, Anthony Munson, Jens Eisert, Nicole Yunger Halpern