Quantum Reality, Relativistic Causality, and Closing the Epistemic Circle - 2006

Here are some topics in physics and philosophy on which my work is incomplete. I invite my friends in this assembly, and their colleagues and students, to continue the work and inform me about their progress. 1. There is a well known theorem of Wigner that a necessary condition for a quantity M of a physical system O to be measured without distortion (i.e., if O is in an eigenstate u of M just prior to the measurement then it remains in u immediately afterwards) is the commutation of M with any additive conserved quantity. This theorem has been generalized by Stein and Shimony by relaxing the condition “without distortion”, but the natural full generalization has neither been proven nor refuted by a counter-example. 2. In two-particle interferometry, using an ensemble of pairs of particles in a pure entangled state ?, the fringe visibility V12 of pairs counted in coincidence may be defined analogously to the fringe visibility V1 of single particles, and a complementarity relation has been derived: V12 + V122 = 1. Generalizations of this complementarity relation to n-tuples (n ?2) of entangled particle are desired. 3. Relations have been explored among various reasonable definitions of “degree of entanglement”, but further systematization of these relations is desirable. 4. Bell’s Theorem shows that certain quantum mechanical predictions cannot be derived in any “local realistic” theory, and experiments have overwhelmingly favored quantum mechanics in situations of theoretical conflict. Is it plausible to maintain “peaceful coexistence” between the nonlocality of quantum mechanics and the locality of relativity theory by citing the impossibility of using the former to send superluminal messages? But if this strategy fails, what is the proper adjudication of the conflict between these fundamental physical theories? 5. Stochastic modification of quantum dynamics (proposed by Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber, Gisin, Pearle, Wigner, Penrose, Károlyházy, and others) has been proposed as a promising program for solving the quantum mechanical measurement problem. But theoretical refinements of the proposed modifications are desirable as well as definitive experimental tests. Two promising areas of relevant experimental research are quantum gravity and variants of the “quantum telegraph” (an ensemble of atoms undergoing transitions between the ground state and a metastable state when exposed to appropriate laser beams). 6. Corinaldesi conjectured that the boson statistics of integral spin particles and the fermion statistics of half-integral spin particles are consequences of their dynamics rather than of their kinematics (the latter usually accepted because of Pauli’s spin and statistics theorem), so that obedience to the Pauli Exclusion Principle in a freshly formed ensemble of electrons would become increasingly strict as the ensemble ages. To test Corinaldesi’s conjecture it was proposed to form fresh ensembles of electrons by allowing a high velocity beam of Ne+ ions in a linear accelerator to be intersected by electrons from an electron gun, thereby neutralizing a subset of the ions. Transitions of electrons to the doubly occupied 1S shell in the complete Ne atoms will be monitored by suitable x-ray detectors at varying distances from the region of intersection, in order to scrutinize the conjectured diminution with time of violations of the Exclusion Principle. Refinements of this design and actual performance of the experiment are requested. 7. A test of the speculative conjecture that wave packet reduction is a psycho-physical phenomenon, occurring only when a conscious observer reads a measuring device, was performed in 1977 by three of my undergraduate students. They used a slow gamma emitter (about one emission per minute) monitored by a detector connected to registration devices in two separated rooms. There was a short time delay between the two registrations. The observer in the first room read his registration device in randomly chosen intervals of time and the observer in...

In this talk I will discuss the question of how to characterize, in an operationally meaningful way, the inevitable “disturbance” of a quantum system in a measurement. I will review some well-known limitations of quantum measurements (facts), and give precise formulations of trade-off relations between information gain and “disturbance”. Famous examples among these limitations are the uncertainty principle, the complementarity principle, and Wigner’s theorem on limitations on measurements imposed by conservation laws. The universal validity of each of these has been challenged repeatedly, and no conclusive resolution seems to have been reached. I will analyze some long-standing conflations and misconceptions (myths) concerning these quantum limitations, such as the reduction of the uncertainty principle to the idea of mechanical disturbance (momentum kicks), the claim that the uncertainty principle has nothing to do with (the impossibility of) simultaneous measurements of noncommuting quantities, and some alleged violations of the uncertainty and complementarity principles. Recent rigorous work has led to apparently contradictory conclusions on these issues. I will show that the contradictions dissolve if due attention is paid to the choice of operationally meaningful notions of measurement accuracy and disturbance.

Newton’s methodology is significantly richer than the hypothetico-deductive model. It is informed by a richer ideal of empirical success that requires not just accurate prediction but also accurate measurement of parameters by the predicted phenomena. It accepts theory mediated measurements and theoretical propositions as guides to research Kuhn has suggested that along with revolutionary changes in scientific theory come revolutionary changes in methodology. I will argue that, when Einstein found his theory could handle the Mercury perihelion problem, Einstein’s theory was doing better than Newton’s theory on Newton’s standard. The richer themes of Newton’s methodology continue to be strikingly realized in the testing frameworks for General Relativity.

A theory governing the metric and matter fields in spacetime is {\it locally causal} if the probability distribution for the fields in any region is determined solely by physical data in its past, i.e. it is independent of events at space-like separated points. This is the case according to general relativity, and it is natural to hypothesise that it should also hold true in any theory in which the fundamental description of space-time is classical and geometric --- for instance, some hypothetical theory which stochastically couples a classical spacetime geometry to a quantum field theory of matter. On the other hand, a quantum theory of gravity should allow the creation of spacetimes which macroscopically violate local causality. I describe a feasible experiment to test the local causality of spacetime, and hence to test whether gravity is better described, in this respect, by general relativity or by quantum theory. The experiment will either identify a definite limit to the domain of validity of quantum theory or else produce significant evidence for the hypothesis that gravity is described by a quantum theory.

Abner Shimony is well-known for, among other contributions, his seminal work on Bell inequalities, turning a philosophical question into an experimental one. In my presentation I like to remind us how this experimental field is nowadays feeding into applied science. This is happening both in terms of the involved technologies and in the conceptual tools.

Entanglement swapping is such a powerful technique for dealing with EPR problems, that it can handle inefficient counters and Bell Theorems without inequalities, even for two particles. We will examine some of the results and pitfalls.

An experimental realization of our spin-1/2 particle version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) experiment will be briefly reviewed. In the proposed experiment, two 199Hg atoms in the ground 1S0 electronic state, each with nuclear spin I=1/2, are generated in an entangled state with total nuclear spin zero. Such a state can be obtained by dissociation of a 199Hg2 molecule (dimer) using a spectroscopically selective stimulated Raman process. From symmetry considerations, the nuclear spin singlet state is guaranteed if the initial 199Hg2 molecule is in a rotational state with an even quantum number. Consequently, a thorough investigation and analysis of the rotational structure of the 199Hg2 molecule is required; results of this analysis will be presented.

Feynman was probably correct to say that the only mystery of quantum mechanics is the principle of superposition. Although we may never know which slit a photon has been passing in a Young’s double-slit experiment, we do have a corresponding classical concept in classical electromagnetic theory: the superposition of electromagnetic fields at a local space-time point is a solution of the Maxwell equations. In the case of joint photo-detection measurement of two photons, however, the superposition involves the addition of two-photon amplitudes, different yet indistinguishable alternatives resulting in a click-click joint photo-detection event. There is no counterpart of such concept in classical electromagnetic theory and the superposition may happen at distance. It is the two-photon superposition responsible for the mysteries of EPR by means of reality and causality. This talk will analyze the physics of based on several recent experiments.