Cosmology

Astrophysical black hole candidates, although long thought to have a horizon, could be horizonless ultra-compact objects. This intriguing possibility is motivated by the black hole information paradox and a plausible fundamental connection with quantum gravity. In this talk I will consider the asymptotically free quadratic gravity as the UV completion of general relativity. Using a classical theory that captures its main features, we find that sufficiently dense matter produces a novel horizonless solution, the 2-2-hole. It closely matches the exterior Schwarzschild solution down to about a Planck proper length of the would-be horizon. I will describe interesting features of the 2-2-hole and various physical implications. As a generic static solution, the 2-2-hole may be the nearly black endpoint of gravitational collapse.

CHIME is a new interferometric telescope at radio frequencies 400-800 MHz.  The mapping speed (or total statistical power) of CHIME is among the largest of any radio telescope in the world, and the technology powering CHIME could be used to build telescopes which are orders of magnitude more powerful.  This breakthrough sensitivity has the power to revolutionize radio astronomy, but meeting the computational challenges will require breakthroughs on the algorithmic side.  I'll give a status update on CHIME, with an emphasis on new algorithms being developed to search for fast radio bursts and pulsars.

Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) have proven to be a powerful probe of the physics of our universe. CMB observations are helping to address fundamental questions, such as the nature of dark energy and dark matter, and are being used to probe the physics of inflation at energies a trillion times higher than the Large Hadron Collider. Recent measurements led to several exciting first detections, including CMB lensing, massive galaxy clusters, the large-scale velocity field, and the “B-mode” component of the polarization field. These results have been enabled by the development of superconducting detectors and optics instrumentation, but we are now approaching the limits of current telescope facilities. Continuing advances in CMB research require greater sensitivity through major gains in optical throughput.

The CCAT-prime extreme field-of-view submillimeter telescope on Cerro Chajnantor will meet this challenge. The six-meter aperture telescope is designed to observe between 350um - 3mm and is capable of mapping the CMB roughly 10x faster than current observatories, making it a potential platform for the next generation “Stage IV” CMB survey. The first light instrument will take advantage of the unique CCAT-prime capabilities and site to characterize the large-scale velocity field and CMB polarization. In addition, CCAT-prime will enable spectroscopic intensity mapping of [CII] from early stars and galaxies during reionization and low-redshift galactic ecology. The intensity mapping measurements can be cross-correlated with upcoming neutral hydrogen surveys, and this combination may eventually characterize primordial non-Gaussianities beyond the reach of CMB measurements to provide new insights into the high-energy physics of inflation.

Inflation is proposed as a means of explaining why the Universe is currently so homogeneous on larger scales, solving both the horizon and flatness problems in early universe cosmology. However, if inflation itself requires homogeneous conditions to get started, then inflation is not a solution to the horizon problem. Most work up until now has focussed on a dynamical systems approach to classifying the stability of inflationary models, but recently Numerical Relativity (NR) has been used to simulate the actual evolution of the inflaton field, leading to new insights. I will describe a recent work (https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.04408) in which we used NR to consider the robustness of generic small and large field inflationary models to initial inhomogeneities in the inflaton field and the extrinsic curvature of the metric.

I will discuss the potential for the LISA space-based interferometer to detect the stochastic Gravitational Wave (GW) background produced from different mechanisms during inflation. In particular, I will present the GW contributions from particle production during inflation, inflationary spectator fields with varying speed of sound, effective field theories of inflation with specific patterns of symmetry breaking and models leading to the formation of primordial black holes. I will show that LISA is able to probe these inflationary scenarios beyond the irreducible vacuum tensor modes expected from any inflationary background.

I discuss the phenomenology of models of inflation with periodic particle production. Particle production occurs as the mass of heavy particles goes through non-adiabatic modulations as the inflaton field rolls. I show that this process can lead to significant emission of scalar and gravitational waves during inflation, with distinct observational signatures.

We argue that moduli stabilization severely constrains the evolution following transitions between weakly coupled de Sitter vacua and can induce a strong selection bias towards inflationary cosmologies. We carefully discuss gravitational vacuum decays and resolve a naive sign ambiguity in the exponential of the decay rate. Equipped with this clear understanding of vacuum decay we then turn towards constraints on the cosmological evolution after transitions in weakly coupled flux compactifications. The energy density of domain walls between vacua typically destabilizes Kahler moduli and triggers a runaway towards large volume. This decompactification phase can collapse the new de Sitter region unless inflation lasts for more than roughly 60 efolds. High scale inflation is vastly favored. Our results illustrate the necessity to understand inflationary initial conditions at least at a basic level, before making predictions in the landscape.

If heavy fields are present during inflation, they can leave an imprint in late-time cosmological observables. The main signature of these fields is a small amount of distinctly shaped non-Gaussianity, which if detected, would provide a wealth of information about the particle spectrum of the inflationary Universe. Here we investigate to what extent these signatures can be detected or constrained using futuristic 21-cm surveys. This part of my talk is based on 1610.06559. In the second part of my talk I will discuss how non-adiabatic production of heavy particles, as recently studied in 1606.00513, can generate an interesting and so far unconstrained class of non-Gaussianity in the CMB.   

The precision of current and future cosmological observations at Megaparsec scales demands a detailed understanding of the effects of baryonic processes on the clustering of matter at these scales. In this talk, I will explore how to use measurements of cosmic shear to constrain the impact of these processes on the total matter power spectrum. I will present forecasts demonstrating that shear measurements from Stage III surveys (such as DES and HSC) and beyond will be able to strongly constrain (or even rule out) current simulation-based implementations of baryonic physics (such as AGN feedback). These forecasts make use of a model-independent parametrization of the impact of baryons on the matter power spectrum, and marginalize over several key observational and theoretical systematics. The results indicate that cosmic shear can likely be used as a robust probe of the physics of galaxy formation, and provide an important observational input for future simulations or modeling efforts.