Strong Gravity

The "infrared problem" is the generic emission of an infinite number of low-frequency quanta in any scattering process with massless fields. The "out" state contains an infinite number of such quanta which implies that it does not lie in the standard Fock representation. Consequently, the standard S-matrix is undefined as a map between "in" and "out" states in the standard Fock space. This fact is due to the existence of a low-frequency tail of the radiation field i.e. the memory effect. In massive QED, the Faddeev-Kulish representations have been argued to yield an I.R. finite S-matrix. We clarify the "preferred " status of such representations as eigenstates of the conserved "large gauge charge'' at spatial infinity. We prove a "No-Go" theorem for the existence of a suitable Hilbert space analogously constructed in massless QED, QCD, linearized quantum gravity with massive/massless sources, and in full quantum gravity. We then suggest an "infrared-finite" formulation of scattering theory in terms of correlation functions without any a priori choice of "in/out" Hilbert spaces.

Population studies of gravitational-wave events allow us to probe stellar evolution and formation mechanisms of compact binaries. Recent work has painted a conflicting portrait of the distribution of black hole spins in merging binaries. In this talk, I describe the emerging picture of black hole spin using observations from LIGO-Virgo–KAGRA with a new spin model. We find evidence for two subpopulations of binary black holes: 1) merging binaries containing black holes with negligible spin, 2) binaries preferentially aligned with the orbital angular momentum and rapidly spinning. These results are consistent with predictions from studies of angular momentum transport in stars and suggest that the subpopulation of spinning black holes may be spun up via tidal interactions. I will also share insights of the binary black hole population using the latest catalogue of gravitational-wave events.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/93713298741?pwd=eFo2Q1lSTVBESWcyZXJlcFVKZ2hRQT09

What is the nature of neutron stars? Where are r-process elements formed in the Universe? Multi-messenger observations of neutron star mergers might provide us with the key to address these and other important open questions in astrophysics. However, multi-messenger astronomy also poses new challenges to theorists and observers attempting to turn complex data into answers. In this talk, I will review our current theoretical understanding of neutron star mergers, I will discuss how their dynamic is imprinted in their multi-messenger emissions, and I will present recent simulation results and their implications. Finally, I will discuss future challenges and prospective for this field.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/93367275850?pwd=YngycnN4ZXFDQUhQb2lVaHY3V2k0UT09

Among the discoveries in LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA's third observing run are a handful of compact binary coelescences (CBCs) that stand out for one reason or another -- exceptional either because they were the first entry in a previously undetected class of CBCs, or because of the mass, mass ratio, or spins of their component compact objects. After briefly discussing the implications of these observations and their merger rates, I will focus on the tension that has arisen from the discovery of the most massive binaries in LVK's catalog. These binaries have component black holes encroaching on the pair-instability mass gap, where black holes are not expected to be formed directly from stars. I'll discuss an alternate formation channel, where massive black holes are assembled dynamically from repeated binary black hole mergers, and an analysis that constructs a binary black hole population that allows for hierarchical formation in both globular cluster-like and nuclear star cluster-like environments.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94867401133?pwd=bTJmVy8vUk9rb1RvTDlrMzl1ZHdEZz09

In this talk, I would like to discuss gravitational waves in gravitational effective field theories. In particular, I will focus on gravitational waves propagating on a black hole background, and will show that the coefficients of the higher-dimension operators in the EFT can be constrained by causality considerations. I will also comment on observability of these higher-dimension operators in gravitational wave detections.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94226476006?pwd=MEdHWG9oQ2dwQ2hXMUd2ZEFFQnRjZz09

The gravitational radiation from the ringdown of a binary black hole merger is described by the solution of the Teukolsky equation, which predicts both the temporal and angular dependence of the emission. Many studies have explored the temporal feature of the ringdown wave through black hole spectroscopy. In this work, we further study the spatial distribution, by introducing a global fitting procedure over both temporal and spatial dependences, to propose a more complete test of General Relativity. We show that spin-weighted spheroidal harmonics are the better representation of the ringdown angular emission patterns compared to spin-weighted spherical harmonics. The differences are distinguishable in numerical relativity waveforms. We also study the correlation between progenitor binary properties and the excitation of quasinormal modes, including higher-order angular modes, overtones, prograde and retrograde modes. Specifically, we show that the excitation of retrograde modes is dominant when the remnant spin is anti-aligned with the binary orbital angular momentum. This study seeks to provide an analytical strategy and inspire the future development of ringdown test using real gravitational wave events.

In this talk I will outline recent attempts to probe black holes in the strong gravity regime. The access to gravitational wave emission from binary black hole mergers and images of supermassive black holes allow for new tests of general relativity. After reviewing recent activities, I will outline how quasi-normal modes and shadow images can be used to study possible deviations from general relativity. Finally, I will discuss open problems that need to be addressed in the future.

I will discuss the detailed process by which slow contraction smooths and flattens the universe using an improved numerical relativity code that accepts initial conditions with non-perturbative deviations from homogeneity and isotropy along two independent spatial directions. Contrary to common descriptions of the early universe, I will show that the geometry first rapidly converges to an inhomogeneous, spatially-curved, and anisotropic ultralocal state in which all spatial gradient contributions to the equations of motion decrease as an exponential in time to negligible values. This is followed by a second stage in which the geometry converges to a homogeneous, spatially flat, and isotropic spacetime. In particular, the decay appears to follow the same history whether the entire spacetime or only parts of it are smoothed by the end of slow contraction.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95441238892?pwd=TUh4Mjh1MHJ6TDNCL0V1NUk5WWFZQT09

Black hole spectroscopy is a powerful tool to probe the Kerr nature of astrophysical compact objects and their environment. The observation of multiple ringdown modes in gravitational waveforms could soon lead to high-precision gravitational spectroscopy, thus it is critical to understand if the quasinormal mode spectrum itself is stable against perturbations. In this talk, I will review the pseudospectrum, a mathematical tool which can shed light on the spectral stability of quasinormal modes, and discuss its novel applications in black holes and exotic compact objects. Furthermore, I will demonstrate that quasinormal spectra generically suffer from spectral instabilities and will argue how such
behavior may affect black hole spectroscopy.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/99111452809?pwd=bVp6TVdYQkJzU0Mvd2MxY2piclMzUT09

With the release of the third gravitational wave transient catalog (GWTC-3), the LIGO and Virgo detectors have reported nearly 100 gravitational waves from colliding black holes and neutron stars. Among these detections there have been numerous surprises, such as the heavy GW190521, the confidently asymmetric GW190412, and the exceptionally small secondary of GW190814. In addition to analyses of each individual sources' properties, such as their masses and spins, one can also summarize the collective properties of the colliding objects as population probability distributions over these parameters. As catalog sizes continue to grow, it enables both finer grained investigations into the population properties of merging compact objects, and robustly testing GR in the strong gravity regime. In this talk I will present data driven statistical models to look for deviations to underlying theoretical expectations, both for individual gravitational waveform models and population models describing the astrophysical distributions of merging compact binaries. I will present the results of an analysis using this novel data-driven model on the 11 compact binary mergers in GWTC-1, then move towards hierarchical models, inferring the binary black hole mass distribution with similar data-driven methods. I will conclude with showing new results from the LVK population analyses of GWTC-3 and motivate the need towards developing more data-driven statistical models for the incoming swath of observations expected in the fourth observing run that, as we have seen, will likely continue to further challenge theoretical expectations.
 

Guided by the principles of effective field theory (EFT), I will discuss three avenues to constrain physics beyond General Relativity with black-hole observations.

1) Shadows: Without specifying any particular gravitational dynamics, I will discuss image features of black-hole shadows in general parameterizations and their relation to fundamental-physics principles like (i) regularity (no remaining curvature singularity), (ii) simplicity (a single new-physics scale), and (iii) locality (a new-physics scale set by local curvature).

2) Stability: Specifying the linearized dynamics around black-hole spacetimes determines the onset of potential instabilities and connects to the ringdown phase of gravitational waves. I will delineate how said instabilities can constrain the EFT of gravity, theories of low-scale dark energy, as well as ultralight dark matter.

3) Nonlinear evolution: The larger the probed curvature scale, the tighter the constraints on new gravitational physics. Making full use of experimental data, thus relies on predictions in the nonlinear regime of binary mergers. I will present recent progress towards achieving stable numerical evolution for the EFT of gravity up to quadratic order in curvature.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/98276687334?pwd=UnM2dElacWNtempQUHJMNVlaNHgyUT09