Machine Learning Initiative

We propose to generalise classical maximum likelihood learning to density matrices. As the objective function, we propose a quantum likelihood that is related to the cross entropy between density matrices. We apply this learning criterion to the quantum Boltzmann machine (QBM), previously proposed by Amin et al. We demonstrate for the first time learning a quantum Hamiltonian from quantum statistics using this approach. For the anti-ferromagnetic Heisenberg and XYZ model we recover the true ground state wave function and Hamiltonian. The second contribution is to apply quantum learning to learn from classical data. Quantum learning uses in addition to the classical statistics also quantum statistics for learning. These statistics may violate the Bell inequality, as in the quantum case. Maximizing the quantum likelihood yields results that are significantly more accurate than the classical maximum likelihood approach in several cases. We give an example how the QBM can learn a strongly non-linear problem such as the parity problem. The solution shows entanglement, quantified by the entanglement entropy.

Short-depth algorithms are crucial for reducing computational error on near-term quantum computers, for which decoherence and gate infidelity remain important issues. Here we present a machine-learning inspired approach for discovering such algorithms. We apply our method to a ubiquitous primitive: computing the overlap Tr(rho*sigma) between two quantum states rho and sigma. The standard algorithm for this task, known as the Swap Test, is used in many applications such as quantum support vector machines, and, when specialized to rho=sigma, quantifies the Renyi entanglement. Here, we find algorithms that have shorter depths than the Swap Test, including one that has constant depth (independent of problem size). Furthermore, we apply our approach to the hardware-specific connectivity and gate alphabets used by Rigetti's and IBM's quantum computers and demonstrate that the shorter algorithms that we derive significantly reduce the error - compared to the Swap Test - on these computers.

Time series data contains useful information on the phase of a system. Here we propose the use of recurrent neural networks (LSTM) to learn and extract such information in order to classify phases and locate phase boundaries. We demonstrate this on a many-body localized model, and attempt to interpret the learned behavior by looking at individual LSTM cells. We also discuss the validity of the learned model and investigate its limits.