Quantum Fields and Strings

We discuss aspects of the possible transition between small black holes and highly excited fundamental strings. We focus on the connection between black holes and the self gravitating string solution of Horowitz and Polchinski. This solution is interesting because it has non-zero entropy at the classical level and it is natural to suspect that it might be continuously connected to the black hole. Surprisingly, we find a different behavior for heterotic and type II cases. For the type II case we find an obstruction to the idea that the two are connected as classical solutions of string theory, while no such obstruction exists for the heterotic case. We further provide a linear sigma model analysis that suggests a continuous connection for the heterotic case. We also describe a solution generating transformation that produces a charged version of the self gravitating string. This provides a fuzzball-like construction of near extremal configurations carrying fundamental string momentum and winding charges. We provide formulas which are exact in α′ relating the thermodynamic properties of the charged and the uncharged solutions.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/96056818482?pwd=cXdxSGRBTEI5N2d6Z21XbTF1Z1lLQT09

Recent studies revealed that wormhole geometries play a central role in understanding quantum gravity. After disorder-averaging over random couplings, Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model has a collective field description of wormhole saddles. A recent paper by Saad, Shenker, Stanford, and Yao studied the SYK model with fixed couplings and found that the wormhole saddles persist, but that new saddles called “half-wormholes” also appear in the path-integral. 

In this talk, we introduce a “partially disorder-averaged SYK model” and study how these half-wormholes emerge as we gradually fix the coupling constants. This model has a real parameter that smoothly interpolates between the ordinary totally disorder-averaged SYK model and the totally fixed-coupling model. For the large N effective description, in addition to the usual bi-local collective fields, we also introduce a new additional set of local collective fields. These local fields can be understood as the “half” of the bi-local collective fields, and they represent the half-wormholes in the totally fixed-coupling limit. We found that the large N saddles of these local fields vanish in the total-disorder-averaged limit, while they develop non-trivial profiles as we gradually fix the coupling constants. This illuminates how the half-wormhole saddles emerge in the SYK model with fixed couplings.

We study the Lyapunov exponent in disordered quantum field theories. Generically the Lyapunov exponent can only be computed in isolated CFTs, and little is known about the way in which chaos grows as we deform the theory away from weak coupling. In this talk we describe families of theories in which the disorder coupling is an exactly marginal deformation, allowing us to follow the Lyapunov exponent from weak to strong coupling. We find surprising behaviors in some cases, including a discontinuous transition into chaos. We also describe a new method allowing for computations in nontrivial CFTs deformed by disorder at leading order in 1/N.

When a generic isolated quantum many-body system is driven out of equilibrium, its local properties are eventually described by the thermal ensemble. This picture can be intuitively explained by saying that, in the thermodynamic limit, the system acts as a bath for its own local subsystems. Despite the undeniable success of this paradigm, for interacting systems most of the evidence in support of it comes from numerical computations in relatively small systems, and there are very few exact results. In the talk, I will present an exact solution for the thermalization dynamics in the "Rule 54" cellular automaton, which can be considered the simplest interacting integrable model. After introducing the model and its tensor-network formulation, I will present the main tool of my analysis: the space-like formulation of the dynamics. Namely, I will recast the time-evolution of finite subsystems in terms of a transfer matrix in space and construct its fixed-points. I will conclude by showing two examples of physical applications: dynamics of local observables and entanglement growth. The talk is based on a recent series of papers: arXiv:2012.12256, arXiv:2104.04511, and arXiv:2104.04513.

Thanks to integrability, we have access to a significant portion of the conformal data of planar N=4 SYM: in particular, the scaling dimensions of all single-trace operators at finite 't Hooft coupling. Can we solve the theory by using these data as an input for the conformal bootstrap? 

We recently started to explore this question in a simplified setup: the one-dimensional CFT living on a supersymmetric Wilson line embedded in the 4D theory. 

After reviewing how integrability describes the spectrum of this 1D CFT, I will discuss how, using the numerical conformal bootstrap with a minimal input from the spectral data, it is possible to compute with good precision a non-supersymmetric OPE coefficient at finite 't Hooft coupling. I will conclude discussing the open questions and future perspectives. Based on 2107.08510 with N.Gromov, J.Julius and M.Preti.

In this talk, we explore new techniques to probe the analytic structure of scattering amplitudes in perturbative Quantum Field Theory. The goal of this approach is to leverage symmetries, limits, and analyticity in order to circumvent the explicit evaluation of multi-loop Feynman integrals. First, we generalize the cutting rules by relating sequential discontinuities (discontinuities of discontinuities) to multiple cuts through the corresponding Feynman diagram. Then, we determine the logarithmic branch-cut structure of massive scattering amplitudes by expanding around their branch points. As a corollary, we prove a conjectured bound on the transcendental weight of polylogarithmic Feynman integrals. These results pave a new path towards bootstrapping scattering amplitudes in perturbation theory.

In this talk, I will connect physical properties of scattering amplitudes to the Riemann zeta function. Specifically, I will construct a closed-form amplitude, describing the tree-level exchange of a tower with masses m^2_n = \mu^2_n, where \zeta(\frac{1}{2}\pm i \mu_n) = 0. Requiring real masses corresponds to the Riemann hypothesis, locality of the amplitude to meromorphicity of the zeta function, and universal coupling between massive and massless states to simplicity of the zeros of \zeta. Unitarity bounds from dispersion relations for the forward amplitude translate to positivity of the odd moments of the sequence of 1/\mu^2_n.

In this talk we discuss aspects of the non-relativistic two-body problems in AdS spacetime and their CFT duals. Specifically, we focus on understanding the spectrum of double-twist operators in the dual CFT as well as realizing the flat space scattering and bound states from the CFT correlator.

To understand the double-twist operator spectrum we use quantum perturbation theory in the bulk. We then match the result with the inversion formula for consistency. Next, we show how to obtain the flat space scattering from the correlator by using Euclidean time evolution to construct the scattering states; finally we demonstrate how to get the bound states through the WKB approximation. Time permitting, we will also discuss how to obtain physical quantities such as precession of the near-circular orbits in AdS from the data of the double twist operators lying on the first two Regge trajectories.

Multi-matrix integrals in  planar, large N limit are genuine functional integrals, in general very difficult to compute.  Apart from some known solvable examples (one-matrix model, two-matrix model with specific interaction, etc) one has to rely on perturbation theory or Monte-Carlo at large enough N.  Matrix bootstrap (MB), initiated by Anderson and Kruczenski, and Lin,  is an interesting alternative to these methods. MB deals with the planar loop equations for loop moments -- the averages of traces of "words" built out of products of matrix variables.   The number of unknowns - loop moments - grows with the length of words quicker then the number of  loop equations. The needed extra conditions come from the positivity of correlation matrix of loop moments. This allows, at a given cut-off on the length of words, to establish the upper and lower limits for particular, lowest loop moments, sometimes with an excellent precision.  The main difficulty of the previous works is the non-linearity of loop equations, leading to a  non-convex  optimization procedure. In our recent paper with Zechuan Zheng, we propose to complete this scheme with the relaxation procedure:   the non-linear loop equations are incorporated into the relaxation matrix  as linear inequalities. The problem becomes the standard SDP, allowing for longer loops and thus a better precision. We demonstrate the relaxed matrix bootstrap (RMB) on the example of an analytically unsolvable 2-matrix model. The RMB for Z_2 symmetric states  gives a very satisfactory precision for generic parameters,  up to 6 digits.  We also managed  to apply   RMB  to  more challenging, Z_2 symmetry breaking solutions, though with  less of precision.  We also prove analytically, using the Hamburger problem, that MB for the 1-matrix model converges to physical solutions, with eigenvalues distributed only on the real axis.

We consider quantum field theory on a rigid de Sitter space. We show that the perturbative expansion of late-time correlation functions to all orders can be equivalently generated by a non-unitary Lagrangian on a Euclidean AdS geometry. We use this to infer the analytic structure of the spectral density that captures the conformal partial wave expansion of a late-time four-point function, to derive an OPE expansion, and to constrain the operator spectrum. Generically, dimensions and OPE coefficients do not obey the usual CFT notion of unitarity. Instead, unitarity of the de Sitter theory manifests itself as the positivity of the spectral density. We illustrate and check these properties by explicit calculations in a scalar theory by computing first tree-level, and then full one-loop-resummed exchange diagrams.

I discuss the question how string theory achieves a sum over bulk geometries with fixed asymptotic boundary conditions. I analyze this problem with the help of the tensionless string on AdS3xS3xT4 (with one unit of NS-NS flux) that was recently understood to be dual to the symmetric orbifold of T4. I argue that large stringy corrections around a fixed background can be interpreted as different semiclassical geometries, thus making a sum over semi-classical geometries superfluous.