Particle Physics

Dark photons and axions are exciting candidates for dark matter, which may be observable through their couplings to electromagnetism or electrons. While many experimental programs have been developed to explore the wide range of parameter space over which these candidates may exist, the mass range corresponding to frequencies below a kHz has been seldom probed by laboratory experiments. In this talk, I will discuss two ongoing efforts to probe this region of parameter space. Both rely on the ability of dark-photon or axion dark matter to source an oscillating magnetic field signal inside an experimental apparatus. In the first case, this magnetic field signal is detected by observing its effect on magnetically levitated (Maglev) systems. The oscillating magnetic field signal sourced by dark matter can drive translational motion of a levitated superconductor or rotational motion of a levitated ferromagnet. As mechanical resonators, Maglev systems are naturally sensitive to lower frequencies, making them well-suited detectors for sub-kHz dark matter candidates. In the second case, we instead consider Earth as the experimental apparatus. That is, we search directly for the oscillating magnetic field signal using unshielded magnetometers located across the Earth's surface. Not only does the signal strength receive an enhancement from the large size of the Earth, but it is also correlated between independent measurements at different locations. I will discuss the search for this signal in existing publicly available magnetometer data maintained by the SuperMAG collaboration, as well as an independent experimental effort, known as SNIPE Hunt, to measure this signal in the field. I will show that both Maglev systems and unshielded magnetometers have the potential to set the leading laboratory constraints on dark-photon and axion dark matter in the sub-kHz regime.

In the framework of Non-Equilibrium Field Theory, I will construct the effective influence functional — generator of non-equilibrium correlation functions — for a mechanical system with degrees of freedom living on a group (e.g. rigid body) interacting with a thermal bath at high temperature. I will derive the constraints on the influence functional following from the group symmetry structure and the DKMS symmetry — generalization of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. At the linear response level, group symmetry turns out to impose more constraints compared to DKMS. I will illustrate the general formalism with the diffusion in a Fermi gas and exhibit the large-N suppression of the non-linear response. Finally, I will introduce the Universal Bath — the generalization of the Caldeira-Leggett model. It is a dual field theory defined in one extra dimension that reproduces the classical non-equilibrium dynamics of the mechanical system. I will show that in the limit of Ohmic dissipation, when the temperature becomes the only relevant scale at play, the Universal Bath also reproduces the quantum corrections.

The long-range force between neutrinos is poorly constrained. In the late-time universe, a long-range force that is a few orders of magnitude stronger than gravity can induce Jeans perturbation instability in the non-relativistic cosmic neutrino background, drastically changing its large-scale behavior. In this talk, I will describe how the cosmic neutrino background evolves and forms nonlinear bound states in the presence of a long-range force. I will then discuss the impact of these neutrino bound states on the matter structures in the universe, and the constraints due to the absence of these signals.

The thorium-229 nucleus has a unique, low-lying isometric state allowing for laser spectroscopic investigations that are otherwise only accessible in electronic transitions. Here, we report on the first resonant laser excitation of the Th-229 nucleus. The fluorescence signal is observed from two Th-229 doped CaF2 crystals that enable us to determine the center frequency of 2020.409(7) THz corresponding to 148.3821(5) nm of the nuclear transition. The fluorescence lifetime in the crystal is 630(15) s, corresponding to an isomer half-life of 1740(50) s for a nucleus isolated in vacuum. These results pave the way towards high-resolution nuclear laser spectroscopy of Th-229 and an optical nuclear clock with high sensitivity in fundamental tests. This is work done in a cooperation of PTB and TU Wien: J. Tiedau et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 182501 (2024)

The Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the upcoming next-generation ground-based very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray observatory. The CTAO will significantly advance the study of VHE gamma-rays through a combination of wider field of view,  substantially increased detection area, and superior angular and spectral resolution over an energy range extending from tens of GeV to hundreds of TeV. Full-sky coverage will be achieved using two independent Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) arrays: one in the northern hemisphere (Canary Islands, Spain) and one in southern hemisphere (Paranal, Chile). The CTAO will explore a wide range of science topics in high-energy astrophysics, including the origin of higher-energy cosmic rays, mechanisms for particle acceleration in extreme environments, and astroparticle phenomena that may extend the Standard Model of particle physics.  In this talk, I will outline the broad science potential of the CTAO and provide the CTAO’s current status and timeline. I will also describe the contributions of the CTAO-US collaboration to CTAO, including the development of an ultra-high resolution Schwarzschild-Couder telescope for VHE astronomy and the emergence of UV-band optical astronomy at the sub-100 micro-arcsecond angular scale.

The matter power spectrum on subgalactic scales is very weakly constrained so far. While inflation predicts a nearly scale-invariant primordial power spectrum down to very small scales, many new physics scenarios can lead to significantly different predictions, such as axion dark matter in the post-inflationary scenario, vector dark matter produced during inflation, early matter domination, kinetic misalignment axions, self-interacting dark matter, atomic dark matter, etc. Therefore, any successful measurement on the matter power spectrum tests inflation extensively and probes early universe dynamics and the nature of dark matter, making it a new frontier in cosmology and dark matter physics. We proposed observing fast radio bursts (FRB) with solar-system scale interferometry by sending radio telescopes to space, which allows us to greatly expand the sensitivity on the matter power spectrum from Mpc to AU scales. Two sightlines looking at the same FRB source can sample different regions of the Universe in the transverse direction and thus obtain an arrival time difference that depends on the matter power spectrum. Our calculations show that this setup will be sensitive to the scale-invariant power spectrum predicted by inflation on small scales and can also probe QCD axion miniclusters predicted in the post-inflationary scenario.

Dark matter particle interactions could imprint characteristic signals in cosmic-ray and multi-wavelength observations of the sky. The central challenge is to distinguish these signatures from similar spectra produced by standard astrophysical processes, such as the life and death of stars and the interactions of cosmic rays with interstellar material. The GAPS Antarctic balloon payload, en route for its initial flight in December 2024, is the first experiment optimized specifically for low-energy cosmic antideuterons, an essentially background-free signature of dark matter, as well as antiprotons in an unprecedented low-energy region and leading sensitivity to cosmic anithelium. In this talk, I will detail the novel GAPS detection technique, its flight instrument, and the potential impact of these measurements in the coming years. 

Primordial black hole (PBH) dark matter can be probed by "picolensing". Widely spatially separated gamma-ray detectors near Earth would observe parallax of an intervening PBH lens with respect to a cosmologically distant gamma-ray burst (GRB). This parallax can be of order the Einstein angle of the lens, resulting in differential magnification of the source as viewed from the two detectors. Simultaneous brightness measurements of the same GRB made by two detectors is sensitive to this effect. Two recent studies in the literature have shown this approach could be a promising way to search for PBH dark matter in part of the "asteroid mass window", roughly (few) * 1e-15 < M_{PBH} / M_{Sun} < (few) * 1e-11. In this talk, I will discuss some ongoing work to explore the robustness of this signal to various uncertainties not previously carefully accounted for: e.g., uncertainties in the transverse extent of the GRB emission region, its intensity profile, detector background rates, sensitivity of the projection to outlier GRB events, etc. I'll show that, while the large GRB source size uncertainties do degrade previous projections somewhat, it is still possible to probe most of the PBH DM asteroid mass window with a mission that employs two Swift/BAT-class detectors separated by a distance on the order of an AU. Depending on the total number of GRBs that such a mission ultimately observes, it may even be possible to robustly probe new subcomponent dark-matter parameter space at PBH masses above the window, potentially as high as (few) * 1e-6 M_{Sun}.

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) is a powerful tool for probing both new physics and LCDM, and complements analyses utilizing the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and results from particle experiment.  I will provide two examples of BBN probes of BSM models.  I will then discuss new kinds of analyses that can be performed with the recently-released fast and differentiable BBN code LINX.  In particular, LINX can be used to perform full BBN+CMB joint analyses at a level of sophistication that has never been achieved before, even in LCDM analyses.

Dark matter and neutrinos are elusive neutral matter filling up our Universe. The PandaX (Particle and Astrophysical Xenon) experiment, located in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, is dedicated to searching for dark matter particles and studying the fundamental properties of neutrinos. The current running experiment, PandaX-4T, contains a sensitive time-projection-chamber with a 3.7-ton liquid xenon target. In this talk, after an overview, I will present recent results from PandaX-4T in dark matter direct detection, double beta decay of 136Xe, as well as solar neutrinos. I will also present a concrete plan for the next-generation xenon observatory in CJPL, PandaX-xT.

In this talk I will do three things. First, I will outline the conditions under which the interaction rate of inelastic processes with a system consisting of N targets scales as N^2. Second, I will present computations of interaction rates for several weakly interacting particles, including the Cosmic Neutrino Background and QCD axion dark matter, and will explain the underlying physics. Third, I will introduce new quantum observables that do not rely on net energy transfer, but can still extract these N^2 effects. This talk will not address a concrete experimental proposal, but the effects presented may point to a new class of table-top and ultra-low threshold particle detectors.

I discuss how quantum mechanical effects prevent violations of causality in low energy processes, even when faster-than-light propagation is possible. At the classical level, faster-than-light propagation can be used to build "time-machine" configurations that violate causality. However, low-energy quantum excitations propagating on these backgrounds lead to divergent backreaction through loop effects. These divergences fully probe the UV dynamics of the system, making it impossible to prepare and describe causality violating configurations in the regime of validity of effective field theory. In light of these results, I conclude that effective field theories with negative Wilson coefficients or Galileon-symmetric interactions are not in tension with causality, despite leading to faster-than-light propagation.