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In a 1960 paper, E. C. G. Stueckelberg showed how one can obtain the familiar complex-vector-space structure of quantum mechanics by starting with a real-vector-space theory and imposing a superselection rule. In this talk I interpret Stueckelberg’s construction in terms of a single auxiliary real-vector-space binary object—a universal rebit, or “ubit." The superselection rule appears as a limitation on our ability to measure the ubit or to use it in state transformations. This interpretation raises the following questions: (i) What is the ubit? (ii) Could the superselection rule emerge naturally as a result of decoherence? (iii) If so, could one hope to see experimentally any effects of imperfect decoherence? Background reading: E. C. G. Stueckelberg, "Quantum Theory in Real Hilbert Space," Helv. Phys. Acta 33, 727 (1960). P. Goyal, "From Information Geometry to Quantum Theory," arXiv:0805.2770. C. M. Caves, C. A. Fuchs, and P. Rungta, "Entanglement of Formation of an Arbitrary State of Two Rebits," arXiv:quant-ph/0009063.

Complex numbers are an intrinsic part of the mathematical formalism of quantum theory, and are perhaps its most mysterious feature. We show that it is possible to derive the complex nature of the quantum formalism directly from the assumption that a pair of real numbers is associated to each sequence of measurement outcomes, and that the probability of this sequence is a real-valued function of this number pair. By making use of elementary symmetry and consistency conditions, and without assuming that these real number pairs have any other algebraic structure, we show that these pairs must be manipulated according to the rules of complex arithmetic. We demonstrate that these complex numbers combine according to Feynman's sum and product rules, with the modulus-squared yielding the probability of a sequence of outcomes. Reference: arXiv:0907.0909 (http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.0909)

A new foundation of quantum mechanics for systems symmetric under a compact symmetry group is proposed. This is given by a link to classical statistics and coupled to the concept of a statistical parameter. A vector \phi of parameters is called an inaccessible c-variable if experiments can be provided for each single parameter, but no experiment can be provided for \phi. This is related to the concept of complementarity in quantum mechanics, but more generally to contrafactual parameters. Using these concepts and some weak assumptions, the Hilbert space of quantum mechanics is constructed. The complete set of axioms for time-independent quantum mechanics is provided by proving Born`s formula under weak assumptions. 1. Helland, I.S. (2006) Extended statistical modeling under symmetry: the link towards quantum mechanics. Ann. Statistics 34, 1, 42-77. 2. Helland, I.S. (2008) Quantum Mechanics from Focusing and Symmetry. Found. Phys. 38, 818-842. Reference: arXiv 0801.2026. (http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.2026)

Our universe has a split personality: quantum and relativity. Understanding how the two can coexist, i.e. how our universe can exist, is one of the greatest challenges facing theoretical physicists in the 21st century. The presentation focuses on a simple but mind-bending thought experiment that hints at some fascinating new ways of thinking that may be required to unravel this mystery. Could the world be like a hologram? The half hour multimedia presentation provides refreshing insight into how science works – how theoretical physicists search for the ultimate nature of reality, and is followed by a half hour question and answer session with PI researcher Sean Gryb.

The quantum equations for bosonic fields may be derived using an 'exact uncertainty' approach [1]. This method of quantization can be applied to fields with Hamiltonian functionals that are quadratic in the momentum density, such as the electromagnetic and gravitational fields. The approach, when applied to gravity [2], may be described as a Hamilton-Jacobi quantization of the gravitational field. It differs from previous approaches that take the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation as their starting point in that it incorporates some new elements, in particular the use of a formalism of ensembles on configuration space and the postulate of an exact uncertainty relation. These provide the fundamental elements needed for the transition to the quantum theory. The formalism of ensembles on configuration space is general enough to describe classical, quantum, and interacting classical-quantum systems in a consistent way. This is of some relevance to gravity: although there are many physical arguments in favour of a quantum theory of gravity, it appears that the justification for such a theory does not follow from logical arguments alone [3]. It is therefore of interest to consider the coupling of quantum fields to a classical gravitational field. This leads to a theory that is fundamentally different from standard semiclassical gravity. 1. Michael J W Hall, Kailash Kumar and Marcel Reginatto, Bosonic field equations from an exact uncertainty principle, J. Phys. A 36 (2003) 9779-9794 (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0307259). 2. M. Reginatto, Exact Uncertainty Principle and Quantization: Implications for the Gravitational Field, Proceedings of DICE2004 in: Braz. J. Phys. 35 (2005) 476-480 (http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0501030). 3. Mark Albers, Claus Kiefer and Marcel Reginatto, Measurement analysis and quantum gravity, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 064051 (http://arxiv.org/abs/0802.1978)

An introduction to the mathematics necessary to fully appreciate the ISSYP relativity and quantum lectures. Binomial theorem, series expansions of common functions, complex numbers, and real and complex waves.

The fact that quantum mechanics admits exact uncertainty relations is used to motivate an ‘exact uncertainty’ approach to obtaining the Schrödinger equation. In this approach it is assumed that an ensemble of classical particles is subject to momentum fluctuations, with the strength of the fluctuations determined by the classical probability density [1]. The approach may be applied to any classical system for which the Hamiltonian is quadratic with respect to the momentum, including all physical particles and fields [2]. The approach is based on a general formalism that describes physical ensembles via a probability density P on configuration space, together with a canonically conjugate quantity S [3]. Quantum and classical ensembles are particular cases of interest, but one can also ask more general questions within this formalism, such as (i) Can one consistently describe interactions between quantum and classical systems? and (ii) Can one obtain local nonlinear modifications of quantum mechanics? These questions will be briefly discussed, with respect to measurement interactions and spin-1/2 systems respectively. 1. M.J.W. Hall and M. Reginatto, “Schroedinger equation from an exact uncertainty principle”, J. Phys. A 35 (2002) 3289 (http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0102069). 2. M.J.W. Hall, “Exact uncertainty approach in quantum mechanics and quantum gravity”, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 37 (2005) 1505 (http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0408098). 3. M.J.W. Hall and M. Reginatto, “Interacting classical and quantum systems”, Phys. Rev. A 72 (2005) 062109 (http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0509134).