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After 50 years of dreaming about it, space-based microlensing observations are now underway.  A 2014 100-hr Spitzer Pilot Program generated "microlens parallaxes" for dozens of lenses, opening the prospect of measuring the Galactic distribution of planets.  This program will be expanded 8-fold in 2015.  Analogous observations by Kepler will measure the mass function of free-floating planets.

WFIRST microlensing observations will, as advertised, "complete the planetary census" but they will do an immense amount of astrophysics as well.  I discuss how microlensing's take off builds on rapid, ongoing, ground-based developments.

Water Stress:
Seeking Solutions in the
Unusual Properties of Water

Water is ubiquitous, but the availability of fresh water is limited. Today, one in six people is under “water stress,” meaning that they have no access to clean water. It is one of the many paradoxes of water. This essential liquid, which in many ways is so commonplace, is also very peculiar. Water behaves differently than other materials in more than 70 ways. These anomalies not only keep our bodies in balance, but secure the thermal stability of our planet as well. Whereas most liquids contract when cooled, water does the opposite – it expands as temperature drops, which, among other effects, allows fish to survive the winter. What’s more, water diffuses more quickly as a system becomes denser – the opposite behaviour to most other fluids.

In her Perimeter Institute Public Lecture, physicist Dr. Marcia C. Barbosa will examine how we can better understand this precious resource that is both incredibly abundant on Earth, yet dangerously scarce to millions of people. Decoding the strange properties of water, Barbosa argues, may be essential to resolving the widespread problem of water stress.

We investigate through non-equilibrium molecular dynamic simulations the flow of anomalous
fluids inside rigid nanotubes. Our results reveal an anomalous increase of the overall mass flux
for nanotubes with sufficiently smaller radii. This is explained in terms of a transition from a
single-file type of flow to the movement of an ordered-like fluid as the nanotube radius increases.
The occurrence of a global minimum in the mass flux at this transition reflects the competition
between the two characteristic length scales of the core-softened potential. Moreover, by increasing
further the radius, another substantial change in the flow behavior, which becomes more evident at
low temperatures, leads to a local minimum in the overall mass flux. Microscopically, this second
transition is originated by the formation of a double-layer of flowing particles in the confined
nanotube space. These nano-fluidic features give insights about the behavior of confined isotropic
anomalous fluids.

The remnant accretion disk formed in binaries involving neutron stars and/or black holes is a source of non-relativistic ejecta. This 'disk wind' is launched on a thermal and/or viscous timescale, and can provide an amount of material comparable to that in the dynamical ejecta. I will present recent work aimed at characterizing

the properties of these winds through time-dependent radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that include the relevant physics needed to follow the ejecta composition. I will focus on the effect of black hole spin and/or hypermassive neutron star lifetime on the disk wind, and on the interaction of the wind with the dynamical ejecta. I will also discuss the implications of these results for the optical/IR signal from these events, and for the origin of r-process elements in the Galaxy.

Shape Dynamics is a theory of gravity which replaces relativity of simultaneity for spatial conformal invariance, maintaining the same degree of symmetry of General Relativity while avoiding some of its shortcomings.

In SD several kinds of singularities of GR become unphysical gauge artefacts, and the presence of a preferred notion of simultaneity fits better into the structure of quantum theory. In this talk I will outline the present status of research in SD on black holes and gravitational collapse, on the emergence of spacetime and on the first-order formulation of the theory.

The AdS/CFT correspondence from string theory provides a quantum theory of gravity in which spacetime and gravitational physics emerge from an ordinary non-gravitational system with many degrees of freedom. In this talk, I will explain how quantum entanglement between these degrees of freedom is crucial for the emergence of a classical spacetime, and describe progress in understanding how spacetime dynamics (gravitation) arises from the physics of quantum entanglement."

In this talk I will outline the process of institutional change begun at the University of Michigan in 2001 and continuing today. This will include discussion of a range of institutional efforts to improve hiring, recruitment, climate and leadership that was focused on creating a more diverse and inclusive faculty.  I will close with brief discussion of two studies: one assessing changes in the workplace climate for faculty in 2001, 2006 and 2012; and one examining the characteristics of departments that made the most change in contrast to those that made the least.  I will conclude with some observations about the change process.

Symmetry protected topological (SPT) states are bulk gapped states with gapless edge excitations. The SPT phases in free fermion systems, like topological insulators, can be classified by K-theory. However, it is not yet known what SPT phases exist in general interacting systems. In this talk, I will first present a systematic way to construct SPT phases in interacting bosonic systems, which allows us to identify many new SPT phases. Just as group theory allows us to construct 230 crystal structures in three dimensions, we find that group cohomology theory allows us to construct many interacting bosonic SPT phases. In my talk, I shall show how topological terms in the path integral description of the system can be constructed from nontrivial group cohomology classes, giving rise to exactly soluble Hamiltonians with explicit ground state wavefunctions. Next, I will discuss the generalization of the classifying scheme to interacting fermionic systems and a new mathematical framework – group supercohomology theory, which predicts a fermionic SPT phase that can neither be realized in free fermionic nor interacting bosonic systems.

Finally, I will briefly mention the deep relationship between SPT phases and chiral anomalies in high energy physics.

Everything around us, everything each of us has ever experienced, and virtually everything underpinning our technological society and economy is governed by quantum mechanics. Yet this most fundamental physical theory of nature often feels as if it is a set of somewhat eerie and counterintuitive ideas of no direct relevance to our lives. Why is this? One reason is that we cannot perceive the strangeness (and astonishing beauty) of the quantum mechanical phenomena all around us by using our own senses. I will describe the recent development of techniques that allow us to image electronic quantum matter directly at the atomic scale. As examples, we will visually explore the previously unseen and very beautiful forms of quantum matter making up electronic liquid crystals [1,2]; hybridized heavy-fermions [3,4]; topological-insulator surface states [5]; and high temperature superconductors [6,7]. We will discuss the implications for fundamental research, and also for advanced materials and new technologies, arising from the development and application of these novel techniques .

Renormalization is a principled coarse-graining of space-time. It shows us how the small-scale details of a system may become irrelevant when looking at larger scales and lower energies. Coarse-graining is also crucial, however, for biological and cultural systems that lack a natural spatial arrangement. I introduce the notion of coarse-graining and equivalence classes, and give a brief history of attempts to tame the problem of simplifying and "averaging" things as various as algorithms and languages. I then present state-space compression, a new framework for understanding the general problem. At the end, I present recent empirical results, in an animal social system, that show evidence for the coupling of scales: the reaction of coarse-grained facts about a system "downwards" to influence the microphysics. 

Interstellar Voyaging

The discovery of countless exoplanets and new ideas in propulsion physics have resurrected international interest in the ancient concept of humanity traveling far beyond Earth. Such voyages will take place over many generations, requiring careful attention to both biological and cultural change over time. In this talk I will outline the foundations of a biocultural science of long-term space settlement.