Scientific Series

Sub-GeV dark matter is a theoretically motivated but largely unexplored paradigm of dark matter. In this talk, I will discuss recent work on the direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter through dark matter-electron scattering. I will present some motivated models that can be probed with these techniques as well as projections for current and near-term noble liquid, semiconductor, and scintillator experiments. Finally, I will discuss some new techniques that may allow us to more robustly discriminate between dark matter signatures and background.

I will discuss the chiral algebra W_infty which is obtained from the Virasoro algebra by adding fields of spin 3, 4, .... Via a non-local non-linear map one can show that it is equivalent to Tsymbaliuk's Yangian of affine u(1). In this way we find an infinite number of commuting conserved charges. Diagonalizing these, the representation theory reduces to combinatorial study of plane partitions, 3-dimensional generalization of the Young diagrams. Tsymbaliuk's presentation can be derived from RTT relations using Maulik-Okounkov's free boson R-matrix.

Population expansions are ubiquitous in nature. They control the speed of many important dynamical processes, including multicellular development, biological evolution and epidemic outbreaks. Yet, the theoretical description of spreading behaviors has been limited largely to mean-field models that ignore the randomness inherent to living systems. In this talk, I present theoretical arguments and experimental results that elucidate how noise influences spreading processes on many scales, ranging from cellular scales, where jamming cells impede their own expansion, to global scales, where epidemic spread relies on rare long-range jumps.  Our results underscore that carrying excellent genes does not guarantee success in evolution - the pure luck of being in the right place at the right time can be equally, or more, important.

Computational complexity theory is a branch of computer science dedicated to classifying computational problems in terms of their difficulty. While computability theory tells us what we can compute in principle, complexity theory informs us regarding what is feasible. In this chapter I argue that the science of quantum computing illuminates the foundations of complexity theory by emphasising that its fundamental concepts are not model-independent. However this does not, as some have suggested, force us to radically revise the foundations of the theory. For model-independence never has been essential to those foundations. The fundamental aim of complexity theory is to describe what is achievable in practice under various models of computation for our various practical purposes. Reflecting on quantum computing illuminates complexity theory by reminding us of this, too often under-emphasised, fact.

Recently a boundary energy-momentum tensor Tzz has been constructed from the soft graviton operator for any 4D quantum theory of gravity in asymptotically flat space. Up to an "anomaly" which is one-loop exact, Tzz generates a Virasoro action on the 2D celestial sphere at null infinity. Here we show by explicit construction that the effects of the IR divergent part of the anomaly can be eliminated by a one-loop renormalization that shifts Tzz.

Utilizing the Fermi measurement of the gamma-ray spectrum toward the Galactic Center, we derive some of the strongest constraints to date on the dark matter (DM) lifetime in the mass range from hundreds of MeV to above an EeV. Our profile-likelihood based analysis relies on 413 weeks of Fermi Pass 8 data from 200 MeV to 2 TeV, along with up-to-date models for diffuse gamma-ray emission within the Milky Way. We model Galactic and extragalactic DM decay and include contributions to the DM-induced gamma-ray flux resulting from both primary emission and inverse-Compton scattering of primary electrons and positrons. For the extragalactic flux, we also calculate the spectrum associated with cascades of high-energy gamma-rays scattering off of the cosmic background radiation. We argue that a decaying DM interpretation for the 10 TeV-1 PeV neutrino flux observed by IceCube is disfavored by our constraints. We interpret the results in terms of individual final states and in the context of simplified scenarios such as a hidden-sector glueball model.

Cosmology has seen great progress thanks to precision measurements and is bound to greatly benefit from upcoming Large Scale Structure and Cosmic Microwave Background data. I will point out a number of interesting directions. In particular, I discuss how the microphysics of inflation may be tested in galaxy surveys through “fossil” signatures originating from squeezed primordial correlations. I further elaborate on the constraining power of CMB spectral distortions on small-scale cosmological fluctuations and on particle decays in the very early Universe in relation to reheating. I also describe some of the possible constraints on inflation and reheating from future B-mode observations.

A central theme of modern condensed matter physics is the study of topological quantum matter enabled by quantum mechanics, which provides a further "topological" twist to the classical theory of ordered phases. These quantum-entangled phases of matter such as fractional quantum Hall phases, spin liquids, and some non-Fermi liquids, are typically strongly-correlated and thus cannot be studied within conventional perturbative approaches. Because of the spectacular emergent phenomena as well as their potential for realistic applications, there has been much recent interest in exploring the physics of these exotic phases. In this talk, I show that the powerful methods of quantum field theory, namely quantum anomaly and duality, can expose the global landscape in parameter space of these gapped and gapless topological quantum phases and lead to several novel insights on these phases. As a demonstration of this principle, we study clean fractional quantum Hall transitions, composite Fermi liquids, and the surface of fractional topological insulators. Despite long and storied histories, these three systems are at the frontier of our knowledge of two and three dimensional topological phases. I show that the non-perturbative approach for these systems, i.e., the duality, sheds some new light on these systems and allows us to resolve some longstanding puzzles, which have not been clear previously. Furthermore, it uncovers novel physics of these intrinsically strongly-correlated phases of matter.

Entropy is an important information measure. A complete understanding of entropy flow will have applications in quantum thermodynamics and beyond; for example it may help to identify the sources of fidelity loss in quantum communications and methods to prevent or control them. Being nonlinear in density matrix, its evaluation for quantum systems requires simultaneous evolution of more-than-one density matrix. Recently in [1] a formalism for such an evolution has been proposed and [2] shows that the flow of entropy between two systems corresponds to the full counting statistics of physical quantities that are exchanged between them. Interestingly, in quantum systems with heat dissipations this will not be equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics. In this talk I will describe a consistent formalism to evaluate entropy and show how to measure it in some quantum systems; for example in quantum point contacts in nanoelectronics and in the quantum heat engines introduced to describe photosynthesis and photovoltaic cells. The entropy flow is made of two parts: 1) an incoherent part, which can be re-evaluated semiclassically from the second law, and 2) a coherent part, which has no semiclassical analogue and appear as a result of extending Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) correlations.

[1] M.H.A. and Y. Nazarov, Phys. Rev. B 91, 104303 (2015)

[2] M.H.A. and Y. Nazarov, Phys. Rev. B 91, 174307 (2015)

It has long been believed that Stradivari and his contemporaries in 18th Century Italy built violins with playing qualities unmatched by later makers. However, a team of researchers led by Claudia Fritz and Joseph Curtin have shown that under double-blind conditions neither professional violinists nor experienced listeners can tell Old Italian violins from new ones at better than chance levels. Moreover, players and listeners tend to prefer the new. Violin-maker, researcher, and MacArthur Fellow Joseph Curtin will discuss recent developments in violin science, and his own interest in measuring violin sound in order to establish objective parameters for violin quality.

The quest for quantum spin liquids is an important enterprise in strongly correlated physics, yet candidate materials are still few and far between. Meanwhile, the classical front has had far more success, epitomized by the exceptional agreement between theory and experiment for a class of materials called spin ices. It is therefore natural to introduce quantum fluctuations into this well-established classical spin liquid model, in the hopes of obtaining a fully quantum spin liquid state.

The spin-flip excitations in spin ice fractionalize into pairs of effective magnetic monopoles of opposite charge. Quantum fluctuations have a parametrically larger effect on monopole motion than on the spin ice ground states so the leading manifestations of quantum behavior appear when monopoles are present. We study magnetic monopoles in quantum spin ice, whose dynamics is induced by a transverse field term. For this model, we find a family of extensively degenerate excited states, that make up an approximately flat band at the classical energy of the nearest neighbor monopole pair. These so-called mesonic states are exact up to the splitting of the spin ice ground state manifold. In my talk I will discuss their construction and properties that may be relevant in neutron scattering experiments on quantum spin ice candidates.

The subject of quantum field theory in mixed states of quantum matter is an old and rich one. The natural setting to discuss field theory in a mixed state is the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism. The subject of this talk is the set of peculiar symmetries that arise in Schwinger-Keldysh theories, and how they may be accounted for in effective field theory. In particular, when the mixed state is thermal, the effective description is constrained by two BRST-like supercharges which, at low energies, generate an algebra akin to minimal supersymmetric quantum mechanics. If time allows, I will also discuss a sort of Schwinger-Keldysh bootstrap for effective actions on more complicated closed-time-contours, which describe the out-of-time-ordered correlation functions that diagnose early-time chaotic growth in quantum systems.