Strong Gravity

In general relativity, the effective-one-body (EOB) approach, which consists in reducing the two-body dynamics to the motion of a test particle in an effective static, spherically symmetric metric, has proven to be a very powerful framework to describe analytically the coalescence of compact binary systems.

In this seminar, we address its extension to modified gravities, considering first the example of massless scalar-tensor theories (ST). We reduce the ST two-body dynamics, which is known at second post-Keplerian order, to a simple parametrized deformation of the general relativistic EOB Hamiltonian, and estimate the ST corrections to the strong-field regime; in particular, the ISCO location and orbital frequency.

We then discuss the class of Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton (EMD) theories, which provide simple examples of "hairy" black holes. We compute the EMD post-Keplerian two-body Lagrangian, and show that it can, as well, be incorporated within the EOB framework. Finally, we highlight that, depending on their scalar environment, EMD black holes can transition to a regime where they strongly couple to the scalar and vector fields, inducing large deviations from the general relativistic two-body dynamics.

Gravitational waves from the mergers of five binary black holes and one binary neutron star were detected in the past two years by the advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors. These detections allowed our Universe to be observed in gravitational waves for the first time, and they have tested the predictions of general relativity for dynamical and strongly gravitating systems. I will discuss these results and also highlight a few additional examples of ways in which gravitational waves can shed light on open questions in theoretical physics and astrophysics. One involves the gravitational-wave memory effect, which is a constant change in the gravitational-wave strain produced by the energy that gravitational waves and matter carry away from an isolated system. I will describe the challenges in detecting the memory with LIGO and Virgo, and how the memory is related to the symmetries and conserved quantities of isolated gravitating systems. A second involves using precision astrometry to detect a stochastic background of gravitational waves from astrophysical, and potentially even cosmological, sources. With the upcoming data release from the Gaia mission, it will likely be possible to place improved constraints on the stochastic background at frequencies higher than those coming from the cosmic microwave background, but below those of pulsar timing searches. I will show how these constraints can be determined. Finally, I will discuss gravitational waves from a compact object orbiting an intermediate mass black hole surrounded by a dark matter spike. I will describe how details about the dark matter distribution can be imprinted in the emitted gravitational waves.

The observations of gravitational waves from coalescing compact binary systems allow us to test gravity in its strong field regime. In order to better constrain alternative theories of gravity, one has to build template waveforms for these theories. In this talk, I will present a post-Newtonian Lagrangian approach adapted to the specificities of scalar-tensor theories. I will derive the equations of motion of a compact binary system at 3PN order in harmonic coordinates. This result is primordial in order to compute the scalar and gravitational waveforms at 2PN order. I will conclude by a short discussion on tidal effects.

When two black holes merge, they 'ringdown' as they settle into a final Kerr black hole. The ringdown part of the gravitational wave signal probes the strong field gravity, enabling us to test the general theory of relativity (GR) in that regime. In this talk, I will focus on one particular challenge associated with the ringdown - "When does a ringdown start during a binary black hole merger?". Then I will end the talk with a brief summary of our prospects to perform GR tests with the ringdown signals using the current and future ground-based gravitational wave observatory.

The long-awaited detection of gravitational waves has provided us with another source of information about the Universe. In this talk I will give an overview of how we extract information from gravitational wave signals with a focus on signals for which we do not have a definitive and reliable model for what the signal looks like. In particular I will describe how we can analyze the signal emitted after two neutron stars have merged. I will describe how the information extracted from such a signal can be used to place constrains on the equation of state of dense matter.

The era of gravitational wave detection is upon us.  Advanced LIGO (aLIGO) is now in full operation.  It has successfully detected the gravitational waves emitted from distant pairs of black holes (BHs) as they spiral together and merge.  And we have many more detections to look forward to.  But where are these BH-BH mergers happening, in the vast wilderness of the cosmos?  

One of the preferred candidates are globular clusters, massive systems of very old stars densely packed together and bound together by gravity.  Globular clusters are factories for black hole binary mergers. But we are only able to observe these factories in operation now. In order to understand how they were built and the treasures they should be expected to produce at present, we must somehow rewind their evolution over billions of years to say something about the initial conditions. Only then will we be able to understand how these beasts birth BH binaries, and are contributing to the gravitational waves currently being observed by aLIGO. After a brief overview of the concept of chaos, I will discuss recent progress in advancing our understanding of the origins of BH-BH mergers.

Gravitational wave astronomy provides an unprecedented opportunity to test the nature of black holes and search for exotic, compact alternatives. Recent studies have shown that exotic compact objects (ECOs) can ring down in a manner similar to black holes, but can also produce a sequence of distinct pulses resembling the initial ringdown. These “echoes” would provide definite evidence for the existence of ECOs. In this work we study the generation of these echoes in a generic, parameterized model for the ECO, using Green’s functions. We show how to reprocess radiation in the near-horizon region of a Schwarzschild black hole into the radiation from the corresponding source in an ECO spacetime. Our methods allow us to understand the connection between distinct echoes and ringing at the resonant frequencies of the compact object. We find that the quasinormal mode ringing in the black hole spacetime plays a central role in determining the shape of the first few echoes. We use this observation to develop a simple template for echo waveforms. This template performs well over a variety of ECO parameters, and with improvements may prove useful in the analysis of gravitational waves.
Related Arxiv #: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06155

Models of gravitational waveforms play a critical role in detecting and characterizing the gravitational waves (GWs) from compact binary coalescences.  Waveforms from numerical relativity (NR), while highly accurate, are too computationally expensive to produce to be directly used in parameter estimation. We propose a Gaussian process regression (GPR) method to generate accurate reduced-order-model waveforms based only on existing accurate (e.g. NR) simulations. Using a training set of simulated waveforms, our GPR approach produces interpolated waveforms along with uncertainties across the parameter space. Beyond interpolation of waveforms, we also present the ``Minimization of the Maximum Estimated Error Placement'' (MMEEP) method, which utilizes the errors provided by our GPR model to optimize the placement of future simulations. 

The characteristics of black holes smaller than the Planck scale are addressed.  These result from a modified metric that reproduces desirable aspects of a variety of disparate models in the sub-Planckian limit, while remaining Schwarzschild in the large mass limit. The self-dual nature of this solution has two interesting features: first, it naturally implies the Generalized Uncertainty Principle. Secondly, this metric exhibits an effective dimensional reduction feature, indicating that the gravitational physics of the sub-Planckian regime is effectively (1+1)-D.

We will discuss how the process of superradiance, combined with
gravitational wave measurements, makes black holes into
nature's laboratories to search for new light bosons. We will present
analytic results for superradiance of light vector (spin-1) particles,
valid in the regime where the vector's Compton wavelength is much
larger than the horizon size of a black hole. If superradiance is
efficient, the occupation number of the vectors in the black hole's
vicinity grows exponentially and the black hole spins down. We will
present preliminary signatures of this process, including black hole
spin measurements and gravitational wave signals. Current measurements
of black hole spins disfavor a range of masses of (gravitationally
coupled) vectors. Vectors annihilating to gravitons would emit
strong monochromatic gravitational wave signals, which may be
visible in future LIGO observations. 

The modeling of pulsar radio and gamma-ray emission suggests that in order to interpret the observations one needs to understand the field geometry and the plasma state in the emission region. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in understanding the magnetospheric structure in the limit of abundant plasma supply. However, the very presence of dense plasma everywhere in the magnetosphere is not obvious. Even the region where the observed emission is produced is subject to debate. To address this from first principles, we constructed global kinetic simulations of pulsar magnetospheres using relativistic Particle-in-Cell codes, which capture the physics of plasma production and particle acceleration. In this talk I will describe how plasma is produced in magnetospheres of pulsars. I will present modeling of high-energy lightcurves, calculated self-consistently from particle motion in the pulsar magnetosphere. I will also show evidence that observed radio emission is powered by non-stationary discharge at the polar cap.