Quantum Information

Causality is a core concept in both General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Information Theory (QIT), yet it manifests differently in each domain. In GR, causal cones appear as a defining property of spacetime. Conversely, in QIT, causality relates to the abstract flow of information in quantum processes, independent of spacetime. This raises a crucial question: under what conditions can an abstract quantum process be realised within spacetime? The question is especially intriguing for quantum processes with indefinite causal structure, like the Quantum Switch, which resist classical causal descriptions. In this talk, I will present no-go theorems that reveal fundamental limitations on the realisability of such processes in spacetime and, thus, more generally, on the interplay between GR and QIT. This is based on joint work with V. Vilasini (Physical Review Letters, 133 080201, 2024).

Recent research on quantum reference frames (QRFs) has shown that whether a system is in a superposed state of locations, momenta, and other properties can depend on the quantum reference frame relative to which it is being described. Whether an event is localized in spacetime or not can change under QRF transformations, in that case so-called quantum-controlled diffeomorphisms. This raises a critical question: can quantum reference frame transformations render indefinite causal order definite? In this talk, I propose a relativistic definition of causal order based on worldline coincidences and proper time differences, establishing it as an operationally meaningful observable in both general relativity and quantum mechanics. Using this definition, we can analyse the indefiniteness of causal order in the optical and gravitational quantum switch on equal footing. This analysis suggests an operational rather than a spacetime-based understanding of events. I will compare these findings to other recent results and conclude with broader implications for events in non-classical contexts

Multipartite quantum channels realisable in a spacetime obey the no-superluminal-signalling constraints imposed by relativistic causality. But what about the converse: Can every channel that exhibits no superluminal signalling also be realised through relativistically valid dynamics? To our knowledge, only special cases of this question have been studied. For bipartite channels, the answer has been found to be negative in general (Beckman et al., 2001), though we will argue that counterexamples must necessarily involve a form of fine-tuning. Another special case of the question has been extensively explored under the name of nonlocal quantum computation in the context of position-based cryptography. We will pose and motivate the question in generality, conjecture a positive answer for all but the fine-tuned channels, and present results towards proving it, drawing on insights from nonlocal quantum computation and the new field of causally faithful circuit decompositions of unitary transformations (see also Tuesday). Beyond their relevance to spacetime realisability, the circuit decompositions involved in addressing the question also find applications in quantum causal modelling.

Supermaps are higher-order transformations that take maps as input. We explore quantum algorithms that implement supermaps of unitary operations using multiple calls to a black-box unitary operation. We investigate how the causal structure and spacetime symmetry of these unitary black-boxes affect their performance in implementing higher-order quantum operations. We analyze several tasks, inversion, complex conjugation, and transposition of black-box unitaries.

Generalizations of Bell's theorem, particularly within quantum networks, are now being analyzed through the causal inference lens. However, the use of interventions, a central concept in causality theory, remains unexplored. As will be discussed, if we are not limited to observational data and can intervene in our experimental setup, we can witness quantum violations of classical causal bounds even when no Bell-like violation is possible. Through interventions, the quantum behavior of a system, that would seem classical otherwise, can be demonstrated. We will then present a photonic experiment implementing those ideas and consider applications of this framework for measurement-based quantum computation, quantification of causality in quantum gates and quantum network protocols.