Scientific Series

Violation of local realism can be probed by theory–independent tests, such as Bell’s inequality experiments. There, a common assumption is the existence of perfect, classical, reference frames, which allow for the specification of measurement settings with arbitrary precision. However, if the reference frames are ``bounded'', only limited precision can be attained. We expect then that the finiteness of the reference frames limits the observability of genuine quantum features. Using spin coherent states as reference frames, we determined their minimal size necessary to violate Bell’s inequalities in entangled systems ranging from qubits to macroscopic dimensions. In the latter, the reference frame’s size must be quadratically larger than that of the system. Lacking such large reference frames, precludes quantum phenomena from appearing in everyday experience.

The Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) are the latest weapon in the quest for precision cosmology and dark energy. Many presentations on BAO are complicated and unclear and I will therefore present BAO with particular emphasis on trying to give the simplest theoretical description, both at the linear and nonlinear level, and will describe some of the observational challenges to measuring BAO.

The standard theorist's model for the dynamics of galaxies is the limit of a Newtonian N-body system at fixed mass as the number of particles goes to infinity - i.e a phase space fluid After going over conventional wisdom, some interesting open issues which remain will be highlighted, and their relation to real galaxies explored.

The relic neutrino background contains a gapless, spin-2 sound mode, as well as a spin-1 mode if there is a neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry. The self-coupling of the spin-2 mode is given by Z boson exchange in the Standard Model and is parametrically similar to Newton's constant given the expected density of relic neutrinos. I will describe this emergent gravity theory and also describe how emergent theories avoid the Weinberg-Witten theorem, when the constituent degrees of freedom live in a flat Lorentz invariant space.

The particle physics community is bubbling with excitement since the recent discovery in the cosmic radiation of a positron and electron excess at high energy. This may be the first indirect hint that dark matter particles wander in the halo of the Milky Way. However, these species do not seem to have the expected properties. I will review the various pieces of that puzzle and present a status report of the current developments in that fast moving field.

Although most realistic approaches to quantum theory are based on classical particles, QFT reveals that classical fields are a much closer analog. And unlike quantum fields, classical fields can be extrapolated to curved spacetime without conceptual difficulty. These facts make it tempting to reconsider whether quantum theory might be reformulated on an underlying classical field structure. This seminar aims to demonstrate that by changing only how boundary conditions (BCs) are imposed on ordinary classical field equations, a psi-epistemic quantum theory naturally emerges. Uncertainty and basic quantization naturally result from imposing BCs on closed hypersurfaces (as in Lagrangian QFT); further quantization results from extending Hamilton's principle to restrict the BCs as well as the field equations. The partial dependence of field parameters on future BCs implies an effective contextuality, naturally avoiding the usual arguments against realistic quantum models. Successful applications to the relativistic scalar field will be presented, further motivating an ambitious research program of reformulating quantum theory in terms of ontic classical fields.

Strongly warped regions, or throats, are a common feature of string theory compactifications. In the early, hot universe, energy will be transferred between these throats and between throats and the standard model. Using the gauge-gravity duality, we calculate the rate of this energy transfer. Due to the warping, the resulting decay rate of throat-localized Kaluza-Klein states to other throats or the standard model is strongly suppressed. If their lifetime is longer than the current age of the universe, these states are an interesting dark matter candidate. We discuss a scenario along these lines.

I will discuss the contribution to black hole thermodynamics from a variation in the cosmological constant. The description of black hole with a cosmological constant is facilitated by introducing a two-form potential for the static Killing field. The resulting Smarr formula then includes a term proportional to the cosmological constant times an effective volume, which arises as the difference between the Killing potential on the horizon and the boundary at infinity. This volume is shown to be equal to the difference between the (infinite) volume of AdS and the (infinite) volume outside the black hole horizon of AdS containing a black hole--and so can be interpreted as the volume occupied by the black hole. I will outline the derivation for the first law for AdS black holes including a variation in the cosmological constant. This yields a new work term, the change in the cosmological constant times the effective volume. Hence this is analogous to a "volume times change in pressure" work term in classical thermodynamics. This suggests that the usual change in mass term is better interpreted as a change in the enthalpy, the mass plus the pressure times the volume. In the AdS/CFT correspondence a change in the cosmological constant corresponds to a change in the t'Hooft coupling, for example, a change in the number of degrees of freedom. The effective volume multiplier then looks like a chemical potential. Members of the audience will be asked to contribute their own interpretations at this point.

We suggest here a mechanism for the seeding of the primordial density fluctuations. We point out that a process like reheating at the end of inflation will inevitably generate perturbations, even on superhorizon scales, by the local diffusion of energy. Provided that the final temperature is of order the GUT scale, the density contrast $\delta_R$ for spheres of radius $R$ will be of order $10^{-5}$ at horizon entry, consistent with the values measured by \texttt{WMAP}. If this were a purely classical process, $\delta_R^2$ would fall as $1/R^4$ beyond the horizon, and the resulting primordial density power spectrum would be $P(k) \propto k^n$ with $n=4$. However, as shown by Gabrielli et al, a quantum diffusion process can generate a power spectrum with any index in the range $0<N\LEQ $n="1$" for R^4$ $1 and $n<1$ R^{3+n}$ 1 $\propto be then will ($\delta_R^2$ observed the to close values including 4$,>1$). Thus, the two characteristic parameters that determine the appearance of present day structures could be natural consequences of this mechanism. These are in any case the minimum density variations that must have formed if the universe was rapidly heated to GUT temperatures by the decay of a `false vacuum'. There is then no \emph{a priori} necessity to postulate additional (and fine tuned) quantum fluctuations in the `false vacuum', nor a pre-inflationary period. Given also the very stringent pre-conditions required to trigger a satisfactory period of inflation, altogether it seems at least as natural to assume that the universe began in a flat and homogeneously expanding phase.

The massless fields of closed string theory on toroidal backgrounds naturally depend on coordinates dual to momentum and coordinates dual to winding. Their dynamical theory, which contains gravitation, must include diffeomorphism and dual diffeomorphism invariance. We begin a serious attempt to construct this generalized form of field theory.