Quantum Foundations

We consider the quantum gravity partition function that counts the dimension of the Hilbert space of a spatial region with topology of a ball and fixed proper volume, and evaluate it in the leading order saddle point approximation. The result is the exponential of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy associated with the area of the saddle ball boundary, and is reliable within effective field theory provided the mild curvature singularity at the ball boundary is regulated by higher curvature terms. This generalizes the classic Gibbons-Hawking computation of the de Sitter entropy for the case of positive cosmological constant and unconstrained volume, and hence exhibits the holographic nature of nonperturbative quantum gravity in generic finite volumes of space.

We present a construction in which the origin of black hole entropy gets clarified. We start by building an infinite family of geometric microstates for black holes in general relativity. This construction naively overcounts the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. We then describe how wormholes in the Euclidean path integral for gravity cause these states to have exponentially small, but universal, overlaps. These overlaps recontextualize the Gibbons-Hawking thermal partition function. We finally show how these results imply that the microstates span a Hilbert space of log dimension equal to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, and how they clarify the nature of the volumes of Eisntein-Rosen bridges.

We analyse models of Matrix Quantum Mechanics in the double scaling limit that contain non-singlet states. The finite temperature partition function of such systems contains non-trivial winding modes (vortices) and is expressed in terms of a group theoretic sum over representations. We then focus on the model of Kazakov-Kostov-Kutasov when the first winding mode is dominant. In the limit of large representations (continuous Young diagrams), and depending on the values of the parameters of the model such as the compactification radius and the string coupling, the dual geometric background corresponds either to that of a long string (winding mode) condensate or a 2d (non-supersymmetric) semi-classical Black Hole competing with the thermal linear dilaton background. In the matrix model we are free to tune these parameters and explore various regimes of this phase diagram. Our construction allows us to identify the origin of the microstates of the long string condensate/2d Black Hole arising from the non trivial representations.

We propose a conceptually new class of dynamical experiments whose goal is to falsify the hypothesis that an interaction between quantum systems is mediated by a purely local classical field. The systems we study implement a dynamics that cannot be simulated by means of local operations and classical communication (LOCC), even when no entanglement is ever generated at any point in the process. Using tools from quantum information theory, we estimate the maximal fidelity of simulation that a local classical interaction could attain while employing only LOCC. Under our assumptions, if an experiment detects a fidelity larger than that calculated threshold, then a local classical description of the interaction is no longer possible. As a prominent application of this scheme, we study a general system of quantum harmonic oscillators initialised in normally distributed coherent states and interacting via Newtonian gravity, and discuss a possible physical implementation with torsion pendula. One of our main technical contributions is the calculation of the above bound on the maximal LOCC simulation fidelity for this family of systems. As opposed to existing tests based on the detection of gravitationally mediated entanglement, our proposal works with coherent states alone, and thus it does not require the generation of largely delocalised states of motion nor the detection of entanglement.

When gravity is sourced by a quantum system, there is tension between its role as the mediator of a fundamental interaction, which is expected to acquire nonclassical features, and its role in determining the properties of spacetime, which is inherently classical. Fundamentally, this tension should result in breaking one of the fundamental principles of quantum theory or general relativity, but it is usually hard to assess which one without resorting to a specific model. Here, we answer this question in a theory-independent way using General Probabilistic Theories (GPTs). We consider the interactions of the gravitational field with a single matter system, and derive a no-go theorem showing that when gravity is classical at least one of the following assumptions needs to be violated: (i) Matter degrees of freedom are described by fully non-classical degrees of freedom; (ii) Interactions between matter degrees of freedom and the gravitational field are reversible; (iii) Matter degrees of freedom back-react on the gravitational field. We argue that this implies that theories of classical gravity and quantum matter must be fundamentally irreversible, as is the case in the recent model of Oppenheim et al. Conversely if we require that the interaction between quantum matter and the gravitational field are reversible, then the gravitational field must be non-classical.

We analyze the effect of decoherence, modelled by local quantum channels, on quantum critical states and we find universal properties of the resulting mixed state's entanglement, both between system and environment and within the system. Renyi entropies exhibit volume law scaling with a subleading constant governed by a "g-function" in conformal field theory (CFT), allowing us to define a notion of renormalization group (RG) flow (or "phase transitions") between quantum channels. We also find that the entropy of a subsystem in the decohered state has a subleading logarithmic scaling with subsystem size, and we relate it to correlation functions of boundary condition changing operators in the CFT. Finally, we find that the subsystem entanglement negativity, a measure of quantum correlations within mixed states, can exhibit log scaling or area law based on the RG flow. When the channel corresponds to a marginal perturbation, the coefficient of the log scaling can change continuously with decoherence strength. We illustrate all these possibilities for the critical ground state of the transverse-field Ising model, in which we identify four RG fixed points of dephasing channels and verify the RG flow numerically. Our results are relevant to quantum critical states realized on noisy quantum simulators, in which our predicted entanglement scaling can be probed via shadow tomography methods.

Holography has taught us that spacetime is emergent and its properties depend on the entanglement structure of the dual boundary theory. At the same time, we know that local projective measurements tend to destroy entanglement. This leads to a natural question: what happens to the holographic bulk spacetime if we perform strong local projective measurements on a subsystem $A$ of the boundary? In particular, I will explain the effect of measurements performed both on subsystems of a single CFT in its vacuum state, which is dual to pure AdS spacetime, and on various subsystems of two copies of a CFT in the thermofield double state, which is dual to a double-sided AdS black hole. The post-measurement bulk is cut off by end-of-the-world branes and is dual to the complementary unmeasured subsystem $A^c$. The measurement triggers an entangling/disentangling phase transition in the boundary theory, corresponding to a connected/disconnected phase transition in the bulk dual geometry. Interestingly, the post-measurement bulk includes regions that were part of the entanglement wedge of $A$ before the measurement, signaling a transfer of information from the measured to the unmeasured subsystem analogous to quantum teleportation. Finally, I will discuss open questions and future directions related to our work, with a particular focus on its consequences for the complexity of bulk reconstruction.

We demonstrate that some quantum teleportation protocols exhibit measurement induced phase transitions in Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. Namely, Kitaev-Yoshida and Gao-Jafferis-Wall protocols have a phase transition if we apply them at a large projection rate or at a large coupling rate respectively. It is well-known that at small rates they allow teleportation to happen only within a small time-window. We show that at large rates, the system goes into a new steady state, where the teleportation can be performed at any moment. In dual Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity these phase transitions correspond to the formation of an eternal traversable wormhole. In the Kitaev-Yoshida case this novel type of wormhole is supported by continuous projections. Based on https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03083

Quantum simulation of lattice gauge theory is expected to become a major application of near-term quantum devices. In this presentation, I will talk about a quantum simulation scheme for lattice gauge theories motivated by Measurement-Based Quantum Computation [1], which we call Measurement-Based Quantum Simulation (MBQS). In MBQS, we consider preparing a resource state whose entanglement structure reflects the spacetime structure of the simulated gauge theory. We then consider sequentially measuring qubits in the resource state in a certain adaptive manner, which drives the time evolution in the Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory. It turns out that the resource states we use for MBQS of Wegner’s models possess topological order protected by higher-form symmetries. These higher-form symmetries are also practically useful for error correction to suppress contributions that violate gauge symmetries. We also discuss the relation between the resource state and the partition function of Wegner’s model. This presentation is based on my work with Takuya Okuda [2]. [1] R. Raussendorf and H. J. Briegel, A One-Way Quantum Computer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5188 (2001) [2] H. Sukeno and T. Okuda, Measurement-based quantum simulation of Abelian lattice gauge theories, arXiv:2210.10908