Conference

We show how nonlinearly realized N=2 supersymmetry gives rise, in the low-energy limit, to an N=1 Born-Infeld U(1) Lagrangian. We then extend the construction to many N=2 vector multiplets. We show how the classification of inequivalent nilpotency constraints arising in the low-energy limit is connected to the theory of cubic polynomials and curves. We comment on causality of signal propagation in these systems.

It is an attractive idea that effective theories admitting a consistent UV completion require quanta to propagate sub-luminally in non-trivial backgrounds. However, there is a counter example to this proposition in the form of QED in a curved geometry, a theory that is certainly causal. Nevertheless, Drummond and Hathrell showed that there is always at least one choice of polarization for which low frequency photons propagate super-luminally. Conventional arguments involving dispersion relations would then normally imply that the high frequency phase velocity would also exceed c yielding a contradiction with the UV completion. We show how the contradiction is avoided by a mechanism that relies on the subtle behaviour of the lightcones in the geometry and that, in the end, super-luminal low frequency propagation is perfectly consistent with causality. In particular, time machines cannot be constructed using the effect. The lesson is that causality constraints in low energy effective theories need to be treated with some caution.

I will discuss the Vainshtein mechanism in massive gravity. I will show that the spherically symmetric backgrounds that were believed to have superluminal sound speed are in fact unstable. Instead, there is a new class of phenomenologically relevant solutions with stable and subluminal perturbations.

In General Relativity, gravitons propagate to null directions, because of its well-organized structures. Modifying the gravity theory slightly, meanwhile, the beautiful structure is broken and gravitons can easily propagate superluminaly. Here, applying the characteristic method, which is the well-established powerful way to analyze causal structures, the causal structures in Massive gravity and Gauss-Bonnet gravity are analyzed. We discuss the superluminality, acausality and black holes.

To improve the EHT?s sensitivity, resolution and imaging fidelity one might enhance station collecting area, add stations, or increase bandwidth. The latter improvement, bandwidth, is probably the most accessible. For many stations, including Submillimeter Array (SMA), the bandwidth is limited not by the receiver but by the digital signal processing. This talk will describe digital development at SMA. The upgraded SMA will contribute directly to the EHT, and technology under development has potential to benefit other EHT stations as well.