Scientific Series

 In the framework of ontological models, the features of quantum

theory that emerge as inherently nonclassical always involve properties that

are fine tuned, i.e.  properties that hold at the operational level but break at the

ontological level (they only hold for fine tuned values of the ontic parameters). Famous

examples of fine tuned properties are noncontextuality and locality. We here

develop a precise theory-independent mathematical framework for characterizing

operational fine tunings. These are distinct from causal fine tunings — already

introduced by Wood and Spekkens — as they do not involve any assumption

on the underlying causal structure. We show how all the already known examples of

operational fine tunings fit into our framework, we discuss possibly new fine tunings

and we use the framework to shed new light on the relation between nonlocality

and generalized contextuality. The framework is set in the language of functors in category

theory and it aims at unifying the spooky properties of quantum theory as well as

accounting for new ones.

Magnetic skyrmions are topological solitons which occur in a large class of ferromagnetic materials and which  are currently attracting much attention, not least because of their potential use for  low-energy magnetic information storage and manipulation. The talk is about an integrable model for magnetic skyrmions, introduced in a recent paper (arxiv:1812.07268) and generalised in  arxiv:1905.06285. The model is based on a geometrical interpretation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in terms of a non-abelian gauge field.  In the talk will explain the model and the geometry behind its solution, and discuss solutions and their applications.

I will discuss recent developments in describing the chiral algebras associated to 4d N=2 theories introduced by Beem et al. in terms of Omega backgrounds, and give a description of the class S chiral algebras following this perspective, in terms of boundary conditions, interfaces, and junctions in 4d N=4 SYM.

Then, I will present work in progress on a general TFT-type procedure for calculating the factorization algebras describing 2d CFTs which arise as compactifications of such configurations. I will show that this method correctly computes the class S chiral algebras, matching the construction of Arakawa, and discuss potential applications to computing the vertex algebras associated to toric divisors in toric CY3s, following Gaiotto-Rapcak.

Schur-Weyl duality, arising from tensor-power representations of the unitary group, is a big useful hammer in the quantum information toolbox. This is especially the case for problems which have a full unitary invariance, say, estimating the spectrum of a quantum state from a few copies. Many problems in quantum computing have a smaller symmetry group: the Clifford group. This talk will show how to decompose tensor-power Clifford representations through a Schur-Weyl type construction. Our results are also relevant for the theory of Howe duality between symplectic and orthogonal groups.

Monolayer WTe2, an inversion-symmetric transition metal dichalcogenide, has recently been established as a quantum spin Hall insulator and found superconducting upon gating. Here we show that generally a superconducting inversion-symmetric quantum spin Hall material whose normal state is ``effectively gapped", such as gated monolayer WTe2, can be an inversion-protected topological crystalline superconductor featuring ``higher-order topology" if the superconductivity is parity-odd. We explicitly demonstrate how the bulk-boundary correspondence naturally emerges in such type of superconductors within a two-dimensional minimal model. We then study the pairing symmetry of superconducting WTe2 with a microscopic model, and find two types of self-consistently obtained exotic pairings. First is an odd-parity pairing that possesses a nontrivial bulk symmetry indicator and hosts two Majorana Kramers pairs localizing at opposite corners. Even when the conventional pairing is energetically favored, we find that an intermediate in-plane field exceeding the Pauli limit stabilizes an equal-spin pairing aligning with the field. Our findings suggest gated monolayer WTe2 is a playground for exotic odd-parity superconductivity, and possibly the first material realization for inversion-protected Majorana corner modes without utilizing proximity effect. 

Query complexity is a common tool for comparing quantum and classical computation, and it has produced many examples of how quantum algorithms differ from classical ones. Here we investigate in detail the role that oracles play for the advantage of quantum algorithms. We do so by using a simulation framework, Quantum Simulation Logic (QSL), to construct oracles and algorithms that solve some problems with the same success probability and number of queries as the quantum algorithms. The framework can be simulated using only classical resources at a constant overhead as compared to the quantum resources used in quantum computation. Our results clarify the assumptions made and the conditions needed when using quantum oracles. Using the same assumptions on oracles within the simulation framework we show that for some specific algorithms, such as the Deutsch-Jozsa and Simon’s algorithms, there simply is no advantage in terms of query complexity. This does not detract from the fact that quantum query complexity provides examples of how a quantum computer can be expected to behave, which in turn has proved useful for finding new quantum algorithms outside of the oracle paradigm, where the most prominent example is Shor’s algorithm for integer factorization.

Julia is a modern programming language that is (so they say) as easy to use as Python and as fast as Fortran, combined with the expressive power of Lisp. I will introduce the language via examples taken from linear algebra, differential equations, and scientific visualization.

In QFT, the renormalization group is usually formulated in Euclidean signature. I will discuss time-dependent probes of the RG, in Lorentzian signature, and derive new dynamical constraints that govern the spread of local operators. Through a chain of Wick rotations and dualities, the same methods lead to new sum rules for inflationary correlators, which relate observable quantities like the inflationary speed of sound to properties of the UV.

I will discuss the problem of an observer's S-matrix in de Sitter space, i.e. the mapping between fields on the initial and final horizons of a de Sitter static patch. I will show how the S-matrix of free massless fields can be packaged in a spinor-helicity language. This involves “cheating” the static patch’s painfully low symmetry, by relating each horizon separately to global, de Sitter-invariant data.

I will then discuss the important special case of higher-spin gravity in de Sitter, and argue that higher-spin symmetry prevents any corrections to the free S-matrix, except in the “soft" sector of zero frequencies.

Bell inequalities are important tools in contrasting classical and quantum behaviors. To date, most Bell inequalities are linear combinations of statistical correlations between remote parties. Nevertheless, finding the classical and quantum mechanical (Tsirelson) bounds for a given Bell inequality in a general scenario is a difficult task which rarely leads to closed-form solutions. Here we introduce a new class of Bell inequalities based on products of correlators that alleviate these issues. Each such Bell inequality is associated with a non-cooperative coordination game. In the simplest case, Alice and Bob, each  having two random variables, attempt to maximize the area of a rectangle and the rectangle’s area is represented by a certain parameter. This parameter, which is a function of the correlations between their random variables, is shown to be a Bell parameter, i.e. the achievable bound using only classical correlations is strictly smaller than the achievable bound using non-local quantum correlations We continue by generalizing to the case in which Alice and Bob, each having now n random variables, wish to maximize a certain volume in n-dimensional space. We term this parameter a multiplicative Bell parameter and prove its Tsirelson bound. Finally, we investigate the case of local hidden variables and show that for any deterministic strategy of one of the players the Bell parameter is a harmonic function whose maximum approaches the Tsirelson bound as the number of measurement devices increases. Some implications of these results are discussed.

The Hubble constant remains one of the most important parameters in the cosmological model, setting the size and age scales of the Universe. Present uncertainties in the cosmological model including the nature of dark energy, the properties of neutrinos and the scale of departures from flat geometry can be constrained by measurements of the Hubble constant made to higher precision than was possible with the first generations of Hubble Telescope instruments. A streamlined distance ladder constructed from infrared observations of Cepheids and type Ia supernovae with ruthless attention paid to systematics now provide <2% precision and offer the means to do much better. By steadily improving the precision and accuracy of the Hubble constant, we now see evidence for significant deviations from the standard model, referred to as LambdaCDM, and thus the exciting chance, if true, of discovering new fundamental physics such as exotic dark energy, a new relativistic particle, or a small curvature to name a few possibilities. I will review recent and expected progress.

The no-signalling principle, preventing superluminal communication and the consequent logical paradoxes, is typically formulated within the information-theoretic framework in terms of admissible correlations in composite systems. In my talk, I will present its complementary incarnation associated with dynamics of single systems subject to invasive measurements. The `dynamical no-signalling principle' applies to any theory with well defined rules of calculating detection statistics in spacetime. It thus offers a new framework, based on measure theory, for studying ``post-quantum'' theories in spacetime. I will show that, strikingly, the `dynamical no-signalling' principle rules out some of the well know models of quantum wave dynamics.