Scientific Series

In general relativity, the picture of space–time assigns an ideal clock to each world line. Being ideal, gravitational effects due to these clocks are ignored and the flow of time according to one clock is not affected by the presence of clocks along nearby world lines. However, if time is defined operationally, as a pointer position of a physical clock that obeys the principles of general relativity and quantum mechanics, such a picture is, at most, a convenient fiction. Specifically, we show that the general relativistic mass–energy equivalence implies gravitational interaction between the clocks, whereas the quantum mechanical superposition of energy eigenstates leads to a nonfixed metric background. Based only on the assumption that both principles hold in this situation, we show that the clocks necessarily get entangled through time dilation effect, which eventually leads to a loss of coherence of a single clock. Hence, the time as measured by a single clock is not well defined. However, the general relativistic notion of time is recovered in the classical limit of clocks.

We present a new solution to the Hierarchy Problem utilizing non-linearly realized discrete symmetries. The cancelations occur due to a discrete symmetry that is realized as a shift symmetry on the scalar and as an exchange symmetry on the particles with which the scalar interacts. We show how this mechanism can be used to solve the Little Hierarchy Problem as well as give rise to light axions.

Convex optimization, linear and semidefinite programming in particular, has been a standard tool in quantum information theory, giving certificates of local and quantum correlations, contextuality, and more. Increasingly, similar methods are making headways in quantum many-body physics, giving lower bounds -- and thus certificates -- on the ground state energy. The disadvantage of such methods is that they do not scale well to large system sizes, whether those systems are multiparty Bell scenarios or lattice models of numerous sites. Machine
learning is entering the field as the latest buzzword. While it provides a more scalable alternative to convex programming and enables forming new conjectures, the outcome of learning methods remains uncertified. In this talk, I introduce the most important paradigms in machine learning for quantum information theory, give an overview of some earlier work in the field, argue for the importance of certifiable predictions of learning algorithms, and present some of our preliminary results.

Three fundamental factors determine the quality of a statistical learning algorithm: expressiveness, generalization and optimization.  The classic strategy for handling these factors is relatively well understood.  In contrast, the radically different approach of deep learning, which in the last few years has revolutionized the world of artificial intelligence, is shrouded by mystery.  This talk will describe a series of works aimed at unraveling some of the mysteries revolving expressiveness, arguably the most prominent factor behind the success of deep learning.  I will begin by showing that state of the art deep learning architectures, such as convolutional networks, can be represented as tensor networks -- a computational model commonly employed in quantum physics.  This connection will inspire the use of quantum entanglement for defining measures of data correlations modeled by deep networks.  Next, I will turn to a quantum max-flow / min-cut theorem characterizing the entanglement captured by tensor networks.  This theorem will give rise to new results that shed light on expressiveness in deep learning, and in addition, provide new tools for deep network design.

Works covered in the talk were in collaboration with Yoav Levine, Or Sharir, David Yakira and Amnon Shashua.

Short-depth algorithms are crucial for reducing computational error on near-term quantum computers, for which decoherence and gate infidelity remain important issues. Here we present a machine-learning inspired approach for discovering such algorithms. We apply our method to a ubiquitous primitive: computing the overlap Tr(rho*sigma) between two quantum states rho and sigma. The standard algorithm for this task, known as the Swap Test, is used in many applications such as quantum support vector machines, and, when specialized to rho=sigma, quantifies the Renyi entanglement. Here, we find algorithms that have shorter depths than the Swap Test, including one that has constant depth (independent of problem size). Furthermore, we apply our approach to the hardware-specific connectivity and gate alphabets used by Rigetti's and IBM's quantum computers and demonstrate that the shorter algorithms that we derive significantly reduce the error - compared to the Swap Test - on these computers.

Despite being broadly accepted nowadays, temperature gradients in thermal equilibrium states continue to cause confusion, since they naively seem to contradict the laws of classical thermodynamics. In this talk, we will explore the physical meaning behind this concept, specifically discussing the role played by the university of free fall. We will show that temperature, just like time, is an observer dependent quantity and discuss why gravity is the only force capable of causing equilibrium thermal gradients without violating any of the laws of thermodynamics. We will also demonstrate that significant care and delicacy are necessary when extending Tolman's results to distinct classes of heat baths in stationary spacetimes.

I’ll describe a novel application for near-term quantum computers with 50-70 qubits: namely, generating cryptographic random bits, whose randomness can be certified even if the quantum computer is untrusted (e.g., has been backdoored by an adversary).  Unlike schemes based on Bell inequality violation, ours requires only a single device able to solve classically hard sampling problems.  Our protocol harvests the outputs of the sampling process and feeds them into a randomness extractor, while occasionally verifying the outputs using exponential classical time.  I’ll also compare to the beautiful independent work of Brakerski et al., who proposed a scheme for the same problem that has much more efficient verification, but that probably can’t be implemented on near-term devices.  Paper still in preparation.

In physics, every observation is made with respect to a frame of reference. Although reference frames are usually not considered as degrees of freedom, in all practical situations it is a physical system which constitutes a reference frame. Can a quantum system be considered as a reference frame and, if so, which description would it give of the world? The relational approach to physics suggests that all the features of a system —such as entanglement and superposition— are observer-dependent: what appears classical from our usual laboratory description might appear to be in a superposition, or entangled, from the point of view of such a quantum reference frame. In this work, we develop an operational framework for quantum theory to be applied within quantum reference frames. We find that, when reference frames are treated as quantum degrees of freedom, a more general transformation between reference frames has to be introduced. With this transformation we describe states, measurement, and dynamical evolution in different quantum reference frames, without appealing to an external, absolute reference frame. The transformation also leads to a generalisation of the notion of covariance of dynamical physical laws, which we explore in the case of ‘superposition of Galilean translations’ and ‘superposition of Galilean boosts’. In addition, we consider the situation when the reference frame moves in a ‘superposition of accelerations’, which leads us to extend the validity of the weak equivalence principle to quantum reference frames.

Remarkable recent experiments have observed Mott insulating behavior and superconductivity in moire superlattices of twisted bilayer graphene near a magic twist angle. However, the nature of the Mott insulator, origin of superconductivity and an effective model remain to be determined. I will present our understanding of these phenomena. We propose a Mott insulator with intervalley coherence that spontaneously breaks U(1) valley symmetry, and describe a mechanism that selects this order over the competing magnetically ordered states favored by the Hunds coupling. We also identify symmetry related features of the nearly flat bands that are key to understanding the strong correlation physics and constrain any lattice model description. First, although the charge density is concentrated on the triangular lattice sites of the moire pattern, the Wannier states of a tight-binding model must be centered on different sites which form a honeycomb lattice. Next, spatially localizing electrons derived from the nearly flat bands necessarily breaks valley and other symmetries within any mean-field treatment, which is suggestive of a valley-ordered Mott state, and also dictates that additional symmetry breaking is present to remove symmetry-enforced band contacts. Tight-binding models describing the nearly flat mini-band are derived, which highlight the importance of further neighbor hopping and interactions. We discuss the consequences of this picture.

Recently, a web of quantum field theory dualities was proposed linking several problems in the study of strongly correlated quantum critical points and phases in two spatial dimensions. These dualities follow from a relativistic flux attachment duality, which relates a Wilson-Fisher boson with a unit of attached flux to a free Dirac fermion. While several derivations of members of the web of dualities have been presented thus far, none explicitly involve the physics of flux attachment, which in relativistic systems affects both statistics and spin. We discuss how this can be achieved in models of relativistic current loops, where the concept of relativistic flux attachment can be made precise. In this context, we provide simple, explicit “derivations” of members of the web of dualities. We describe some implications of this work for relativistic composite fermion theories arising in condensed matter physics, as well as new possibilities for deriving additional dualities using these techniques.

For many optimal measurement problems of interest, the problem may be re-cast as a semi-definite program, for which efficient numerical techniques are available. Nevertheless, numerical solutions give limited insight into more general instances of the problem, and further, analytical solutions may be desirable when an optimised measurement appears as a sub-problem in a larger problem of interest. I will discuss analytical techniques for finding optimal measurements for state discrimination with minimum error and present applications to studying the gap between the theoretically optimal measurement and simpler, experimentally achievable schemes for bi-partite measurement problems.

Quantized lattices, or q-lattices, appear naturally through categorification constructions (for example from zigzag-algebras), but they haven't been studied from a lattice theory point of view. After establishing the necessary background, we'll explain the q-versions of various lattice theory concepts illustrated with examples from combinatorics and graph theory, and we'll list a number of open problems.