Quantum Matter

QFTs in 2+1 dimensions are powerful systems to understand the emergence of mass-gap and particle spectrum in QCD-like theories that describe our 3+1 dimensional world. Recently, these 2+1 dimensional systems have attracted even more attention due to conjectured dualities between seemingly very different theories and due to their applications to condensed matter systems. In this talk, I will describe our numerical investigations of the infrared behaviors of 2+1 dimensional U(1) and SU(N) gauge theories coupled to many favors of massless fermions using lattice regularization. I will also explain how lattice formulation is a potential tool to study and check particle-vortex dualities.

A tremendous amount of recent attention has focused on characterizing the dynamical properties of periodically driven many-body systems. Here, we use a novel numerical tool termed ‘density matrix truncation’ (DMT) to investigate the long-time dynamics of large-scale Floquet systems. By implementing a spatially inhomogeneous drive to a 1D quantum chain, we demonstrate that an interplay between Floquet heating and diffusive transport is crucial to understanding the system’s dynamics. We find that DMT accurately captures two essential pieces of Floquet physics, namely prethermalization and late-time heating to infinite temperature. Moreover, we show that these two aspects are driven by different microscopic mechanisms.

Many free-fermion topological phases can be diagnosed by analyzing a suitable collection of symmetry data. While the Fu-Kane parity criterion for topological insulators is an early example, the systematic generalization to cover all possible crystalline symmetries and their associated topological phases has only recently been achieved. Interestingly, a key step in the generalization is to recognize the importance of understanding the entanglement-free product states: once these trivial phases are completely mapped, the topological ones are naturally exposed as the “remainders.” In this talk, we will first introduce the theory of symmetry indicators for topological (crystalline) insulators and semimetals, and then discuss how it can be generalized to cover superconductors.

Thanks to the Lanczos algorithm, the Hamiltonian dynamics of any operator can be written as a hopping problem on a semi-infinite one-dimensional chain. Our hypothesis states that the hopping strength grows linearly down the chain, with a universal growth rate $\alpha$ that is an intrinsic property of the system. This leads to an exponential motion of the operator down the chain, capturing the irreversible process of simple operators inevitably evolving into complex ones. This exponential growth exists for generic quantum systems, even away from large-$N$ or semiclassical limits. In fact, $\alpha$ gives an upper bound for the exponential growth rate of a large class of operator complexity measures, including out-of-time-order correlations. As a result, we conjecture a new bound on Lyapunov exponents $\lambda_L \leq 2 \alpha$, which generalizes the known universal low-temperature bound $\lambda_L \leq 2 \pi T$. We illustrate the hypothesis in paradigmatic examples such as non-integrable spin chains, the $q$-SYK model, and chaotic coupled top models, and show that some of them saturate the conjectured bound.

The discrete time-translation symmetry of a periodically-driven (Floquet) system allows for the existence of novel, nonequilibrium interacting phases of matter. A well-known example is the discrete time crystal, a phase characterized by the spontaneous breaking of this time-translation symmetry. In this talk, I will show that the presence of *multiple* time-translational symmetries, realized by quasiperiodically driving a system with two or more incommensurate frequencies, leads to a panoply of novel non-equilibrium phases of matter, both spontaneous symmetry breaking ("discrete time quasi-crystals") and topological. In order to stabilize such phases, I will outline rigorous mathematical results establishing slow heating of systems driven quasiperiodically at high frequencies. As a byproduct, I will introduce the notion of many-body localization (MBL) in quasiperiodically driven systems.

We will review the bosonization approach to Fermi liquids in dimensions above one. We will use this to study a sharp change in the neutral excitation spectrum of fermi liquids that occurs beyond a critical interaction strength whereby an unconventional collective mode exits the particle-hole continuum. This mode is a collective shear wave that features purely transverse current oscillations, in analogy to the transverse sound of crystals. Because it is hard to “see" due to its transversal nature, the shear sound might be already “hiding`' in several metals. We will describe two strategies to “see” the shear sound: the appearance of sharp conductivity dips in ultra clean narrow channels and its coupling to charge-fluctuations under weak magnetic fields.

Entanglement entropy in topologically ordered matter phases has been computed extensively using various methods. In this talk, we study the entanglement entropy of 2D topological phases from the perspective of quasiparticle fluctuations. In this picture, the entanglement spectrum of a topologically ordered system encodes the quasiparticle fluctuations of the system, and the entanglement entropy measures the maximal quasiparticle fluctuations on the entanglement boundary. As a consequence, entanglement entropy corresponds to the thermal entropy of the quasiparticles at infinite temperature on the entanglement boundary. We corroborates our results with explicit computation in the quantum double model with/without boundaries. We then systematically construct the reduced density matrices of the quantum double model on generic 2-surfaces with boundaries. 

Magnetic skyrmions are topological solitons which occur in a large class of ferromagnetic materials and which  are currently attracting much attention, not least because of their potential use for  low-energy magnetic information storage and manipulation. The talk is about an integrable model for magnetic skyrmions, introduced in a recent paper (arxiv:1812.07268) and generalised in  arxiv:1905.06285. The model is based on a geometrical interpretation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in terms of a non-abelian gauge field.  In the talk will explain the model and the geometry behind its solution, and discuss solutions and their applications.

Monolayer WTe2, an inversion-symmetric transition metal dichalcogenide, has recently been established as a quantum spin Hall insulator and found superconducting upon gating. Here we show that generally a superconducting inversion-symmetric quantum spin Hall material whose normal state is ``effectively gapped", such as gated monolayer WTe2, can be an inversion-protected topological crystalline superconductor featuring ``higher-order topology" if the superconductivity is parity-odd. We explicitly demonstrate how the bulk-boundary correspondence naturally emerges in such type of superconductors within a two-dimensional minimal model. We then study the pairing symmetry of superconducting WTe2 with a microscopic model, and find two types of self-consistently obtained exotic pairings. First is an odd-parity pairing that possesses a nontrivial bulk symmetry indicator and hosts two Majorana Kramers pairs localizing at opposite corners. Even when the conventional pairing is energetically favored, we find that an intermediate in-plane field exceeding the Pauli limit stabilizes an equal-spin pairing aligning with the field. Our findings suggest gated monolayer WTe2 is a playground for exotic odd-parity superconductivity, and possibly the first material realization for inversion-protected Majorana corner modes without utilizing proximity effect. 

Topological crystalline states are short-range entangled states jointly protected by onsite and crystalline symmetries. While the non-interacting limit of these states, e.g., the topological crystalline insulators, have been intensively studied in band theory and have been experimentally discovered, the classification and diagnosis of their strongly interacting counterparts are relatively less well understood. Here we present a unified scheme for constructing all topological crystalline states, bosonic and fermionic, free and interacting, from real-space "building blocks" and "connectors". Building blocks are finite-size pieces of lower dimensional topological states protected by onsite symmetries alone, and connectors are "glue" that complete the open edges shared by two or multiple pieces of building blocks. The resulted assemblies are selected against two physical criteria we call the "no-open-edge condition" and the "bubble equivalence", which, respectively, ensure that each selected assembly is gapped in the bulk and cannot be deformed to a product state. The scheme is then applied to obtaining the full classification of bosonic topological crystalline states protected by several onsite symmetry groups and each of the 17 wallpaper groups in two dimensions and 230 space groups in three dimensions. We claim that our real-space recipes give the complete set of topological crystalline states for bosons and fermions, and prove the boson case analytically using a spectral sequence expansion of group cohomology.

We present a paradigm for effective descriptions of quantum magnets. Typically, a magnet has many classical ground states — configurations of spins (as classical vectors) that have the least energy. The set of all such ground states forms an abstract space. Remarkably, the low energy physics of the quantum magnet maps to that of a single particle moving in this space.

This presents an elegant route to simulate simple quantum mechanical models using molecular magnets. For instance, a dimer coupled by an XY bond maps to a particle moving on a ring. An XY triangular magnet maps to a particle moving on two disjoint rings. We can even simulate Berry phases; when the spin has half-integer values, the particle sees a pi-flux  threaded through the rings.

A particularly interesting example is the XY tetrahedral magnet. Here, the ground state space is a 'non-manifold' due to singularities. These singularities behave like strong impurities to create bound states. The entire low energy physics of the magnet is dominated by these bound states. We call this phenomenon 'order by singularity’. This leads to a preference for certain classical ground states purely due to topology, rather than due to thermal or quantum fluctuations. Unlike order-by-disorder, this effect persists even in the classical limit.

The Wilson formulation of lattice gauge theories provides a first-principles study of many properties of strongly interacting theories, such as quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Certain other properties, such as real-time dynamics, pose insurmountable challenges in this paradigm. Quantum Link Models are generalized lattice gauge theories, which not only offer novel approaches to study dynamics of gauge theories with quantum simulators, but also connect to
gauge theory descriptions of certain condensed matter systems (such as frustrated magnetism). In this talk, we explore some novel properties of gauge theories using quantum link models on classical computers, and explain how to realize them on quantum simulators.