Scientific Series

Displaying 3505 - 3516 of 5009

Primordial Magnetic Fields & Non-Gaussianity

Martin Sloth
University of Southern Denmark
November 06, 2012

PIRSA:12110040
Cosmology
Penrose inequalities and the stability of non-uniform black strings

Pau Figueras
Queen Mary University of London

November 01, 2012

PIRSA:12110039
What is a Wavefunction?

Wayne Myrvold
Western University

November 01, 2012

PIRSA:12110060
Fault tolerance of "bad" quantum low-density parity check codes

Alexey Kovalev
University of California, Riverside

October 29, 2012

PIRSA:12100130
Synthetic non-Abelian anyons in fractional Chern insulators and beyond

Xiaoliang Qi
Stanford University
October 26, 2012

PIRSA:12100051
Condensed Matter
Kicking Chameleons: Early Universe Challenges for Chameleon Gravity

Adrienne Erickcek
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
October 25, 2012

PIRSA:12100125
Cosmology
Astrophysical Searches for Quantum Gravity Signals

Jonathan Granot
University of Hertfordshire
October 24, 2012

PIRSA:12100058
Quantum Gravity
Thermodynamics of correlated quantum systems and a generalized exchange fluctuation theorem.

David Jennings
Imperial College London
October 23, 2012

PIRSA:12100105
Quantum Foundations
From Effective Strings to the Simplest theory of Quantum Gravity
October 23, 2012

PIRSA:12100040
Quantum Fields and Strings
New Results in Jet Substructure
October 23, 2012

PIRSA:12100128
Particle Physics
An informal discussion about topological gauge theory

Xiao-Gang Wen
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Department of Physics
October 23, 2012

PIRSA:12100129
Quantum Fields and Strings
Self-localization of a single hole in Mott antiferromagnets

Zheng-Yu Weng
Tsinghua University
October 19, 2012

PIRSA:12100077
Condensed Matter

Primordial Magnetic Fields & Non-Gaussianity

Martin Sloth
University of Southern Denmark
November 06, 2012

PIRSA:12110040
Cosmology
There are indications of a lower bound on magnetic fields in the intergalactic media. Since magnetic fields on such large scales are difficult to generate in the late universe, this might point to inflationary magnetogenesis as the origin of intergalactic magnetic fields. If the magnetic fields are generated during inflation, they are naturally correlated with the inflaton perturbations in a general class of models. This leads to a consistency relation between the power spectrum of primordial magnetic fields and the non-Gaussian three-point cross-correlation of magnetic fields with the inflaton perturbation. The size of non-Gaussianity can be expressed in a new magnetic non-linearity parameter b_NL. In the flattened shape where the non-Gaussianity is maximal, b_NL can be as large as 5000.
Penrose inequalities and the stability of non-uniform black strings

Pau Figueras
Queen Mary University of London

November 01, 2012

PIRSA:12110039

In this talk I will first review static black holes in Kaluza-Klein theory. It is well-known that within this theory there exist black strings which are non-uniform along the Kaluza-Klein circle. Using numerical methods, I will explain how to construct (for the first time) non-uniform black strings in D>10, where D is the total number of spacetime dimensions. The stability of such black objects has not been discussed before, and in the last part of the talk I will explain how one can study the stability of non-uniform black strings using Penrose inequalities. This will lead to a new conjecture for the phase diagram of static Kaluza-Klein black holes.
What is a Wavefunction?

Wayne Myrvold
Western University

November 01, 2012

PIRSA:12110060

The fact that the quantum wavefunction of a many-particle system is a function on a high-dimensional configuration space, rather than on spacetime, has led some to suggest that any realist understanding of quantum mechanics must regard configuration space as more fundamental than spacetime. Worse, it seems that a wavefunction monist ontology cannot help itself to talk of "configuration space" at all, without particles for the configurations to be configurations of. The wavefunction, it might seem, threatens to become a function defined on a high-dimensional space whose relation to spacetime is obscure. I will argue that such worries are misplaced.
Fault tolerance of "bad" quantum low-density parity check codes

Alexey Kovalev
University of California, Riverside

October 29, 2012

PIRSA:12100130

In my talk, I will discuss various families of quantum low-density parity check (LDPC) codes and their fault tolerance. Such codes yield finite code rates and at the same time simplify error correction and encoding due to low-weight stabilizer generators. As an example, a large family of hypergraph-product codes is considered. Of particular interest are families of quantum LDPC codes with finite rate and distance scaling as square root of blocklength since this represents the best known exponent in distance scaling, even for codes of dimensionality 1. In relation to such codes, we show that any family of LDPC codes, quantum or classical, where distance scales as a positive power of the block length, $d \propto n^\alpha$, $\alpha>0$ ($\alpha<1$ for "bad" codes), can correct all errors with certainty if the error rate per qubit is sufficiently small. We specifically analyze the case of LDPC version of the quantum hypergraph-product codes recently suggested by Tillich and Z\'emor. These codes are a finite-rate generalization of the toric codes, and, for sufficiently large quantum computers, offer an advantage over the toric codes.
Synthetic non-Abelian anyons in fractional Chern insulators and beyond

Xiaoliang Qi
Stanford University
October 26, 2012

PIRSA:12100051
Condensed Matter
An exciting new prospect in condensed matter physics is the possibility of realizing fractional quantum Hall states in simple lattice models without a large external magnetic field, which are called fractional Chern insulators. A fundamental question is whether qualitatively new states can be realized on the lattice as compared with ordinary fractional quantum Hall states. Here we propose new symmetry-enriched topological states, topological nematic states, which are a dramatic consequence of the interplay between the lattice translational symmetry and topological properties of these fractional Chern insulators. The topological nematic states are realized in a partially filled flat band with a Chern number N, which can be mapped to an N-layer quantum Hall system on a regular lattice. However, in the topological nematic states the lattice dislocations become non-Abelian defects which create "worm holes" connecting the effective layers, and effectively change the topology of the space. Such topology-changing defects, which we name as "genons", can also be defined in other physical systems. We develop methods to compute the projective non-abelian braiding statistics of the genons, and we find the braiding is given by adiabatic modular transformations, or Dehn twists, of the topological state on the effective genus g surface. We find situations where the > genons have quantum dimension 2 and can be used for universal topological quantum computing (TQC), while the host topological state is by itself non-universal for TQC.
Kicking Chameleons: Early Universe Challenges for Chameleon Gravity

Adrienne Erickcek
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
October 25, 2012

PIRSA:12100125
Cosmology
Chameleon gravity is a scalar-tensor theory that mimics general relativity in the Solar System. The scalar degree of freedom is hidden in high-density environments because the effective mass of the chameleon scalar depends on the trace of the stress-energy tensor. In the early Universe, when the trace of the stress-energy tensor is nearly zero, the chameleon is very light and Hubble friction prevents it from reaching its potential minimum. Whenever a particle species becomes non-relativistic, however, the trace of the stress-energy tensor is temporarily nonzero, and the chameleon begins to roll. I will show that these "kicks" to the chameleon field have catastrophic consequences for chameleon gravity. The velocity imparted to the chameleon is sufficiently large that the chameleon's mass changes rapidly as it slides past its potential minimum. This nonadiabatic process shatters the chameleon field by generating extremely high-energy perturbations, casting doubt on chameleon gravity's viability as an alternative to general relativity.
Astrophysical Searches for Quantum Gravity Signals

Jonathan Granot
University of Hertfordshire
October 24, 2012

PIRSA:12100058
Quantum Gravity
Some recent searches for quantum gravity signatures using observations of distant astrophysical sources will be discussed, focusing on the search for Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) in the form of a dependence of the photon propagation speed on its energy. Fermi gamma-ray space telescope observations of ~8 keV to ~30 GeV photons from a short (< 1 s) gamma-ray burst (GRB 090510) at a cosmological distance (z = 0.903), enabled for the first time to put a direct time of flight limit on a possible linear variation of the speed of light with photon energy that is beyond the Planck scale. Parameterizing |v/c-1| = E/E_{QG} our most conservative limits are E_{QG}/E_{Planck} > 1.2, while less conservative limits are up to 1-2 orders of magnitude stricter. Other types of astrophysical searches for LIV will be briefly outlined, along with some prospects for the future.
Thermodynamics of correlated quantum systems and a generalized exchange fluctuation theorem.

David Jennings
Imperial College London
October 23, 2012

PIRSA:12100105
Quantum Foundations
I will discuss the central role of correlations in thermodynamic directionality, how strong correlations can distort the thermodynamic arrow and contrast these distortions in both the classical and quantum regimes. These distortions constitute non-linear entanglement witnesses, and give rise to a rich information-theoretic structure. I shall explain how these results are then cast into the language of fluctuation theorems to derive a generalized exchange fluctuation theorem, and discuss the limitations of such a framework.
From Effective Strings to the Simplest theory of Quantum Gravity
October 23, 2012

PIRSA:12100040
Quantum Fields and Strings
String-like objects arise in many quantum field theories. Well known examples include flux tubes in QCD and cosmic strings. To a first approximation, their dynamics is governed by the Nambu-Goto action, but for QCD flux tubes numerical calculations of the energy levels of these objects have become so accurate that a systematic understanding of corrections to this simple description is desirable. In the first part of my talk, I discuss an effective field theory describing long relativistic strings. The construction parallels that of the chiral Lagrangian in that it is based on the pattern of symmetry breaking. To compare with previous works, I will present the results of the calculation of the S-matrix describing the scattering of excitations on the string worldsheet. In the second part of my talk, I will discuss critical strings from the same point of view and show that the worldsheet S-matrix in this case is non-trivial but can be calculated exactly. I will show that it encodes the familiar square-root formula for the energy levels of the string, the Hagedorn behavior of strings, and argue that the theory on the string worldsheet behaves like a 1+1 dimensional theory of quantum gravity rather than a field theory. If time permits, I will return to the task of computing the energy levels of flux-tubes using lessons learned from the second part of my talk.
New Results in Jet Substructure
October 23, 2012

PIRSA:12100128
Particle Physics
We present new results on the performance of jet substructure techniques and their use in distinguishing the signatures of new boosted massive particles from the QCD background. Advanced approaches to jet reconstruction using jet grooming algorithms such as filtering, trimming, and pruning are compared. Measurements of the jet invariant mass for each jet algorithm are compared both at the particle level to multiple Monte Carlo event generators and at the detector level for several configurations of the jet grooming algorithms. The performance of these strategies and improvements in search sensitivity for new boosted hadronic particles are compared. Recent results using these techniques for both boosted RPV gluinos and top quark pairs from new particles are presented. The result is a comprehensive foundation for the use of substructure algorithms in the search for new physics at the LHC
An informal discussion about topological gauge theory

Xiao-Gang Wen
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Department of Physics
October 23, 2012

PIRSA:12100129
Quantum Fields and Strings
Reference:
Topological gauge theories and group cohomology
Robbert Dijkgraaf and Edward Witten
http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.cmp/1104180750

Braiding statistics approach to symmetry-protected topological phases
Michael Levin, Zheng-Cheng Gu
http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.3120
Self-localization of a single hole in Mott antiferromagnets

Zheng-Yu Weng
Tsinghua University
October 19, 2012

PIRSA:12100077
Condensed Matter
Anderson localization - quantum suppression of carrier diffusion due to disorders - is a basic notion of modern condensed matter physics. Here I will talk about a novel localization phenomenon totally contrary to this common wisdom. Strikingly, it is purely of strong interaction origin and occurs without the assistance of disorders. Specifically, by combined numerical (density matrix renormalization group) method and analytic analysis, we show that a single hole injected in a quantum antiferromagnetic ladder is generally self-localized even though the system respects the translational symmetry. The localization length is found to monotonically decrease with the increase of leg number, indicating stronger self-localization in the two-dimensional limit. We find that a peculiar coupling between the doped charge and the quantum spin background causes quantum interference among different hole paths. The latter brings the hole's itinerant motion to a halt, a phenomenological analogy to Anderson localization. Our findings are opposite to the common belief of the quasiparticle picture for the doped hole and unveil a completely new paradigm for lightly doped Mott insulators.

Title	Speaker(s)	Date	Talk Type	Info link
Primordial Magnetic Fields & Non-Gaussianity	Martin Sloth	2012-11-06	Scientific Series	View details
Penrose inequalities and the stability of non-uniform black strings	Pau Figueras	2012-11-01	Scientific Series	View details
What is a Wavefunction?	Wayne Myrvold	2012-11-01	Scientific Series	View details
Fault tolerance of "bad" quantum low-density parity check codes	Alexey Kovalev	2012-10-29	Scientific Series	View details
Synthetic non-Abelian anyons in fractional Chern insulators and beyond	Xiaoliang Qi	2012-10-26	Scientific Series	View details
Kicking Chameleons: Early Universe Challenges for Chameleon Gravity	Adrienne Erickcek	2012-10-25	Scientific Series	View details
Astrophysical Searches for Quantum Gravity Signals	Jonathan Granot	2012-10-24	Scientific Series	View details
Thermodynamics of correlated quantum systems and a generalized exchange fluctuation theorem.	David Jennings	2012-10-23	Scientific Series	View details
From Effective Strings to the Simplest theory of Quantum Gravity		2012-10-23	Scientific Series	View details
New Results in Jet Substructure		2012-10-23	Scientific Series	View details
An informal discussion about topological gauge theory	Xiao-Gang Wen	2012-10-23	Scientific Series	View details
Self-localization of a single hole in Mott antiferromagnets	Zheng-Yu Weng	2012-10-19	Scientific Series	View details

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