Quantum Gravity

The tree-level soft theorems were recently shown to arise from the conservation of infinite towers of charges extracted from the asymptotic Einstein equations. There is evidence this tower promotes the extended BMS algebra to an infinite higher-spin symmetry algebra. In this talk I will introduce towers of canonically conjugate memory and Goldstone operators, highlighting their role in parameterizing the gravitational phase space. I will discuss the conditions under which these towers provide a complete set of scattering states and demonstrate that they are the building blocks of both soft and hard charges. I will finally show that the tower of tree level soft symmetries can be used to extend the Dirac (Faddeev-Kulish) dressings to include the infinite towers of Goldstones and comment on their implications for the gravitational S-matrix.

Corner symmetries are those diffeomorphisms that become physical in codimension two, in that they support non-zero Noether charges. Recently we have shown how to extend phase space so that all such charges are integrable and give a representation of the corner symmetry algebra on this extended phase space. More recently we have studied the coadjoint orbits of what we now call the universal corner symmetry. One finds that certain complementary subalgebras, the extended corner symmetry and the asymptotic corner symmetry, can be associated with finite-distance and asymptotic corners, respectively. There is a simple geometric interpretation here in terms of an Atiyah Lie algebroid over a corner, whose structure group is the universal corner symmetry. The local geometry of a classical spacetime is encoded in related geometric structures.

I will present an analysis of the Hamiltonian formulation of gauge theories on manifolds with corners in the particular, yet common, case in which they admit an equivariant momentum map. In the presence of corners, the momentum map splits into a part encoding “Cauchy data” or constraints, and a part encoding the “flux” across the corner. This decomposition plays an important role in the construction of the reduced phase space, which then becomes an application of symplectic reduction in stages for local group actions. The output of this analysis are natural "corner" Poisson structures, leading to the concept of (classical) flux superselection sectors as their symplectic leaves. This is based on a collaboration with A. Riello. My talk will cover the general framework of corner superselection, while Riello’s talk will deal with its application to null boundaries and soft charges.

This talk reviews the use of radial quantization to compute Chern-Simons partition functions on handlebodies of arbitrary genus. The partition function is given by a particular transition amplitude between two states which are defined on the Riemann surfaces that define the (singular) foliation of the handlebody. By requiring that the only singularities of the gauge field inside the handlebody must be compatible with Wilson loop insertions, we find that the Wilson loop shifts the holonomy of the initial state. Together with an appropriate choice of normalization, this procedure selects a unique state in the Hilbert space obtained from a Kähler quantization of the theory on the constant-radius Riemann surfaces. Radial quantization allows us to find the partition functions of Abelian Chern-Simons theories for handlebodies of arbitrary genus. For non-Abelian compact gauge groups, we show that our method reproduces the known partition function and Wilson loop VEVs at genus one.

I will discuss the small speed of light expansion of general relativity, utilizing the modern perspective on non-Lorentzian geometry. The leading order in the expansion leads to an action that corresponds to the electric Carroll limit of general relativity, of which I will highlight some interesting properties. The next-to-leading order will also be obtained, which exhibits a particular subsector that correspond to the magnetic Carroll limit, which features a solution that describes the Carroll limit of a Schwarzschild black hole. The incorporation of a cosmological constant in the Carroll (or ultra-local) expansion will also be commented on. Finally, I will describe how Carroll symmetry and geometry arises on the world-sheet of certain limits of string theory sigma models.

The flat space holography program aims at describing quantum gravity in asymptotically flat spacetime in terms of a dual lower-dimensional field theory. Two different roads to construct flat space holography have emerged. The first consists of a 4d bulk / 3d boundary duality, called Carrollian holography, where 4d gravity is suggested to be dual to a 3d Carrollian CFT living on the null boundary of the spacetime. The second is a 4d bulk / 2d boundary duality, called celestial holography, where 4d gravity is dual to a 2d CFT living on the celestial sphere. I will argue that these two seemingly contradictory proposals are actually related. The Carrollian operators will be mapped to the celestial operators using an appropriate integral transform. The Ward identities of the sourced Carrollian CFT, encoding the gravitational flux-balance laws, will be shown to reproduce those of the 2d celestial CFT, encoding the bulk soft theorems.

The goal of this talk is to discuss residual gauge symmetries in electromagnetism and gravity in Dirac's front form. Working in the light-cone gauge, I will demonstrate how the large gauge transformations and BMS supertranslations may be obtained from residual gauge invariance of the Hamiltonian action. The residual gauge symmetries in this (2+2) formulation share some striking similarities with the asymptotic symmetries in the conventional (3+1) Hamiltonian formulation. I will illustrate this fact using the example of electromagnetism and show how the the zero modes play a crucial role akin to boundary degrees of freedom in the asymptotic analysis at spatial infinity à la Henneaux-Troessaert.

In this introductory talk, I will present a new perspective about quantum gravity which is rooted deeply in a renewed understanding of local symmetries in Gravity that appears when we decompose gravitational systems into subsystems. I will emphasize the central role of the corner symmetry group in capturing all the necessary data needed to glue back seamlessly quantum spacetime regions. I will present how the charge conservation associated with these symmetries encoded the dynamics of null surfaces. Finally, I will also present how the representation theory of the corner symmetry arises and provides a representation of quantum geometry, and I will show that deformations of this symmetry can be the explanation for a fundamental planckian cut-off. I will also mention how these symmetry groups reduce to asymptotic symmetry groups and control asymptotic gravitational dynamics when the entangling sphere is moved to infinity. If time permits, I will explain how these symmetries control asymptotic gravitational dynamics. And I will describe how they provide a new picture of the nature of quantum radiation. Overall, this new paradigm allows to connect semi-classical gravitational physics, S-matrix theory, and non-perturbative quantum gravity techniques. The talk's goal is to give an overall flavor of how these connections appear from an elementary understanding of symmetries.

In the last few years, various authors have extended the covariant phase space to include arbitrary anomalies, and a notion of improved Noether charge. After reviewing this construction and discussing examples of anomalies, I will point out that the covariance requirements of the seminal Wald-Zoupas paper permit the presence of a special class of anomalies. To illustrate the meaning of such anomalies, one can look at the case of future null infinity where they take the form of the soft terms in the flux-balance laws.

In this talk, I will discuss certain homogeneous spaces of the Poincaré group that correspond to the well-known asymptotic regions of asymptotically flat spacetimes: time-, space-, and light-like infinity. I will then show that all of these spaces admit a uniform description as surfaces embedded in a higher-dimensional space. I will conclude with some comments concerning the computation of correlators of conformal carrollian theories from this embedding space picture.

In this talk I will explore the role of the boundary Cotton tensor in the reconstruction of the solution space of four-dimensional asymptotically AdS and mostly asymptotically flat spacetimes. I will discuss charges from a purely boundary perspective, which emerge in sets of electric and magnetic towers, not necessarily conserved and possibly including subleading components.

On Tuesday, M. Schiavina laid out the theoretical framework for the symplectic reduction of gauge theories in the presence of corners. In this talk I will apply this theoretical framework to Yang-Mills theory on a null boundary and show how a pair of soft charges controls the residual (corner) gauge symmetry after the first-stage symplectic reduction, and therefore the superselection structure of the theory after the second-stage symplectic reduction. I will also discuss the subtleties of the gauge A_u = 0, the interpretation of electromagnetic memory as superselection, and how the nonlinear structure of the non-Abelian theory complicates this picture.